@article{fdi:010081447,
  title = {{Q}uantifying the effect of overland flow on {E}scherichia coli pulses during floods : use of a tracer-based approach in an erosion-prone tropical catchment},
  author = {{B}oithias, {L}aurie and {R}ibolzi, {O}livier and {L}acombe, {G}. and {T}hammahacksa, {C}. and {S}ilvera, {N}orbert and {L}atsachack, {K}. and {S}oulileuth, {B}. and {V}iguier, {M}arion and {A}uda, {Y}. and {R}obert, {E}. and {E}vrard, {O}. and {H}uon, {S}. and {P}ommier, {T}. and {Z}ouiten, {C}. and {S}engtaheuanghoung, {O}. and {R}ochelle-{N}ewall, {E}mma},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}acterial pathogens in surface waters threaten human health. {T}he health risk is especially high in developing countries where sanitation systems are often lacking or deficient. {C}onsidering twelve flash-flood events sampled from 2011 to 2015 at the outlet of a 60-ha tropical montane headwater catchment in {N}orthern {L}ao {PDR}, and using {E}scherichia coli as a fecal indicator bacteria, our objective was to quantify the contributions of both surface runoff and sub-surface flow to the in-stream concentration of {E}. coli during flood events, by (1) investigating {E}. coli dynamics during flood events and among flood events and (2) designing and comparing simple statistical and mixing models to predict {E}. coli concentration in stream flow during flood events. {W}e found that in-stream {E}. coli concentration is high regardless of the contributions of both surface runoff and sub-surface flow to the flood event. {H}owever, we measured the highest concentration of {E}. coli during the flood events that are predominantly driven by surface runoff. {T}his indicates that surface runoff, and causatively soil surface erosion, are the primary drivers of in-stream {E}. coli contamination. {T}his was further confirmed by the step-wise regression applied to instantaneous {E}. coli concentration measured in individual water samples collected during the flood events, and by the three models applied to each flood event (linear model, partial least square model, and mixing model). {T}he three models showed that the percentage of surface runoff in stream flow was the best predictor of the flood event mean {E}. coli concentration. {T}he mixing model yielded a {N}ash-{S}utcliffe efficiency of 0.65 and showed that on average, 89% of the in-stream concentration of {E}. coli resulted from surface runoff, while the overall contribution of surface runoff to the stream flow was 41%. {W}e also showed that stream flow turbidity and {E}. coli concentration were positively correlated, but that turbidity was not a strong predictor of {E}. coli concentration during flood events. {T}hese findings will help building adequate catchment-scale models to predict {E}. coli fate and transport, and mapping the related risk of fecal contamination in a global changing context.},
  keywords = {{S}urface runoff ; {F}ecal indicator bacteria ; {S}torm flow ; {L}and-use change ; {S}urface-sub surface flow separation ; {N}orthern uplands of {L}ao {PDR} ; {LAOS}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {H}ydrology},
  volume = {594},
  numero = {},
  pages = {125935 [12 ]},
  ISSN = {0022-1694},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125935},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010081447},
}