@article{fdi:010079691,
  title = {{T}ectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical {A}frican terrestrial flora and fauna},
  author = {{C}ouvreur, {T}homas and {D}auby, {G}illes and {B}lach-{O}vergaard, {A}. and {D}eblauwe, {V}. and {D}essein, {S}. and {D}roissart, {V}incent and {H}ardy, {O}. {J}. and {H}arris, {D}. {J}. and {J}anssens, {S}. {B}. and {L}ey, {A}. {C}. and {M}ackinder, {B}. {A}. and {S}onke, {B}. and {S}osef, {M}. {S}. {M}. and {S}tevart, {T}. and {S}venning, {J}. {C}. and {W}ieringa, {J}. {J}. and {F}aye, {A}. and {M}issoup, {A}. {D}. and {T}olley, {K}. {A}. and {N}icolas, {V}. and {N}tie, {S}. and {F}luteau, {F}. and {R}obin, {C}. and {G}uillocheau, {F}. and {B}arboni, {D}. and {S}epulchre, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}ropical {A}frica is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems. {P}ast climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification of this biodiversity. {D}uring the last two decades, around 90 dated molecular phylogenies of different clades across animals and plants have been published leading to an increased understanding of the diversification and speciation processes generating tropical {A}frican biodiversity. {I}n parallel, extended geological and palaeoclimatic records together with detailed numerical simulations have refined our understanding of past geological and climatic changes in {A}frica. {T}o date, these important advances have not been reviewed within a common framework. {H}ere, we critically review and synthesize {A}frican climate, tectonics and terrestrial biodiversity evolution throughout the {C}enozoic to the mid-{P}leistocene, drawing on recent advances in {E}arth and life sciences. {W}e first review six major geo-climatic periods defining tropical {A}frican biodiversity diversification by synthesizing 89 dated molecular phylogeny studies. {T}wo major geo-climatic factors impacting the diversification of the sub-{S}aharan biota are highlighted. {F}irst, {A}frica underwent numerous climatic fluctuations at ancient and more recent timescales, with tectonic, greenhouse gas, and orbital forcing stimulating diversification. {S}econd, increased aridification since the {L}ate {E}ocene led to important extinction events, but also provided unique diversification opportunities shaping the current tropical {A}frican biodiversity landscape. {W}e then review diversification studies of tropical terrestrial animal and plant clades and discuss three major models of speciation: (i) geographic speciationviavicariance (allopatry); (ii) ecological speciation impacted by climate and geological changes, and (iii) genomic speciationviagenome duplication. {G}eographic speciation has been the most widely documented to date and is a common speciation model across tropical {A}frica. {W}e conclude with four important challenges faced by tropical {A}frican biodiversity research: (i) to increase knowledge by gathering basic and fundamental biodiversity information; (ii) to improve modelling of {A}frican geophysical evolution throughout the {C}enozoicviabetter constraints and downscaling approaches; (iii) to increase the precision of phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating of tropical {A}frican clades by using next generation sequencing approaches together with better fossil calibrations; (iv) finally, as done here, to integrate data better from {E}arth and life sciences by focusing on the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of tropical {A}frican biodiversity in a wider geodiversity context.},
  keywords = {tropical {A}frica ; dated molecular phylogenies ; palaeoclimate models ; speciation models ; fossils ; {A}frican geology ; {C}enozoic ; {AFRIQUE} ; {ZONE} {TROPICALE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}iological {R}eviews},
  volume = {96},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {16--51},
  ISSN = {1464-7931},
  year = {2021},
  DOI = {10.1111/brv.12644},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010079691},
}