@article{fdi:010079127,
  title = {{S}napshot of a magmatic/hydrothermal system from electrical resistivity tomography and fumarolic composition, {W}hakaari/{W}hite {I}sland, {N}ew {Z}ealand},
  author = {{M}iller, {C}. {A}. and {C}hristenson, {B}. {W}. and {B}yrdina, {S}vetlana and {V}andemeulebrouck, {J}. and {B}rakenrig, {T}. and {B}ritten, {K}. and {S}hanks, {J}. and {E}pstein, {G}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}ombined interpretation of {E}lectrical {R}esistivity {T}omography ({ERT}) data, with plume and fumarolic gas emissions provides a snapshot of the {W}hakaari/{W}hite {I}sland hydrothermal system 11 months prior to an eruption on {D}ecember 9,2019. {T}wo and three dimensional inversion of the {ERT} data images the {F}0 fumarole as a low resistivity (2-5 {O}mega m) feature reflecting the two-phase zone surrounding the single phase vapour conduit. {C}rucially, interpretation of the inversion images is well constrained by a large existing dataset of rock electrical properties, including surface conductivity, porosity and intrinsic formation factor, alongside new measurements of liquid phase electrical conductivity taken from a range of hot-springs on the island. {P}ore-filling liquids are an order of magnitude more conductive than sea-water with their low to very low p{H} (3.4 to -03) contributing to their extremely conductive nature. {A}n extensive low-resistivity feature (0.2 {O}mega m) at similar to 125 m depth is therefore interpreted as a liquid saturated layer exposed to hydrothermal alteration by acid fluids. {T}he intersection of the {F}0 fumarole trace with this layer is coincident with a previously determined source of deformation, suggesting that heat transport inside the fumarole conduit pressurises surrounding liquid and vapour filled pore space, generating the deformation signal. {T}he timeseries of fumarolic and plume emissions in the year prior to the {ERT} survey show that the gases transported by the fumarole are a mixture of high temperature magmatic vapour and lower temperature gas equilibrated within the hydrothermal environment. {I}nterpretation of the gas data suggests that the snapshot captured by the {ERT} image shows the single-phase vapour and two-phase vapourliquid regions adjacent to the conduit were likely at close to their smallest extent, consisting of mostly hydrothermal derived gases.},
  keywords = {{E}lectrical resistivity tomography ; {F}umamles ; {H}ydrothermal system ; {V}olcanic gases ; {V}olcano monitoring ; {NOUVELLE} {ZELANDE} ; {WHITE} {ISLAND}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}olcanology and {G}eothermal {R}esearch},
  volume = {400},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 106909 [13 p.]},
  ISSN = {0377-0273},
  year = {2020},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106909},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010079127},
}