@article{fdi:010076631,
  title = {{A}dequacy of the ocean observation system for quantifying regional heat and freshwater storage and change},
  author = {{P}almer, {M}. {D}. and {D}urack, {P}. {J}. and {C}hidichimo, {M}. {P}. and {C}hurch, {J}. {A}. and {C}ravatte, {S}ophie and {H}ill, {K}. and {J}ohannessen, {J}. {A}. and {K}arstensen, {J}. and {L}ee, {T}. and {L}egler, {D}. and {M}azloff, {M}. and {O}ka, {E}. and {P}urkey, {S}. and {R}abe, {B}. and {S}allee, {J}. {B}. and {S}loyan, {B}. {M}. and {S}peich, {S}. and von {S}chuckmann, {K}. and {W}illis, {J}. and {W}ijffels, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}onsiderable advances in the global ocean observing system over the last two decades offers an opportunity to provide more quantitative information on changes in heat and freshwater storage. {V}ariations in these storage terms can arise through internal variability and also the response of the ocean to anthropogenic climate change. {D}isentangling these competing influences on the regional patterns of change and elucidating their governing processes remains an outstanding scientific challenge. {T}his challenge is compounded by instrumental and sampling uncertainties. {T}he combined use of ocean observations and model simulations is the most viable method to assess the forced signal from noise and ascertain the primary drivers of variability and change. {M}oreover, this approach offers the potential for improved seasonal-to-decadal predictions and the possibility to develop powerful multi-variate constraints on climate model future projections. {R}egional heat storage changes dominate the steric contribution to sea level rise over most of the ocean and are vital to understanding both global and regional heat budgets. {V}ariations in regional freshwater storage are particularly relevant to our understanding of changes in the hydrological cycle and can potentially be used to verify local ocean mass addition from terrestrial and cryospheric systems associated with contemporary sea level rise. {T}his {W}hite {P}aper will examine the ability of the current ocean observing system to quantify changes in regional heat and freshwater storage. {I}n particular we will seek to answer the question: {W}hat time and space scales are currently resolved in different regions of the global oceans? {I}n light of some of the key scientific questions, we will discuss the requirements for measurement accuracy, sampling, and coverage as well as the synergies that can be leveraged by more comprehensively analyzing the multi-variable arrays provided by the integrated observing system.},
  keywords = {heat content ; freshwater content ; salinity ; temperature ; ocean observing system ; climate change ; climate variability ; observing system design ; {ATLANTIQUE} ; {MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{F}rontiers in {M}arine {S}cience},
  volume = {6},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 416 [26 ]},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00416},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010076631},
}