@article{fdi:010076621,
  title = {{D}rinking water quality in areas impacted by oil activities in {E}cuador : associated health risks and social perception of human exposure},
  author = {{M}aurice, {L}aurence and {L}opez, {F}. and {B}ecerra, {S}. and {J}amhoury, {H}. and {L}e {M}enach, {K}. and {D}evier, {M}. {H}. and {B}udzinski, {H}. and {P}runier, {J}. and {J}uteau-{M}artineau, {G}. and {O}choa-{H}errera, {V}. and {Q}uiroga, {D}. and {S}chreck, {E}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he unregulated oil exploitation in the {N}orthern {E}cuadorian {A}mazon {R}egion ({NEAR}), mainly from 1964 to the 90's, led to toxic compounds largely released into the environment. {A} large majority of people living in the {A}mazon region have no access to drinking water distribution systems and collects water from rain, wells or small streams. {T}he concentrations of major ions, trace elements, {PAH}s (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and {BTEX} (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) were analyzed in different water sources to evaluate the impacts of oil extraction and refining. {S}amples were taken from the {NEAR} and around the main refinery of the country ({E}smeraldas {O}il {R}efinery/{S}tate {O}il {C}ompany of {E}cuador) and were compared with domestic waters from the {S}outhern region, not affected by petroleum activities. {I}n most of the samples, microbiological analysis revealed a high level of coliforms representing significant health risks. {A}ll measured chemical compounds in waters were in line with national and international guidelines, except for manganese, zinc and aluminum. {I}n several deep-water wells, close to oil camps, toluene concentrations were higher than the natural background while {PAH}s concentrations never exceeded individually 2 ng.{L}-1. {W}ater ingestion represented 99% of the total exposure pathways for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic elements (mainly zinc) in adults and children, while 20% to 49% of the {T}otal {C}ancer {R}isk was caused by arsenic concentrations. {T}he health index ({HI}) indicates acceptable chronic effects for domestic use according the {US}-{EPA} thresholds. {N}evertheless, these limits do not consider the cocktail effects of metallic and organic compounds. {F}urthermore, they do not include the social determinants of human exposure, such as socio-economic living conditions or vulnerability. {M}ost (72%) of interviewed families knew sanitary risks but a discrepancy was observed between knowledge and action: religious beliefs, cultural patterns, information sources, experience and emotions play an important role front to exposure.},
  keywords = {{O}il activities ; {D}omestic waters ; {H}ydrocarbons ; {M}etal(loid)s ; {D}emineralized waters ; {S}ocial risk perception ; {EQUATEUR} ; {AMAZONIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cience of the {T}otal {E}nvironment},
  volume = {690},
  numero = {},
  pages = {1203--1217},
  ISSN = {0048-9697},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.089},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010076621},
}