@article{fdi:010075637,
  title = {{A}frican evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous {A}frican populations [plus {C}orrection]},
  author = {{F}an, {S}. and {K}elly, {D}.{E}. and {B}eltrame, {M}.{H}. and {H}ansen, {M}.{E}.{B}. and {M}allick, {S}. and {R}anciano, {A}. and {H}irbo, {J}. and {T}hompson, {S}. and {B}eggs, {W}. and {N}yambo, {T}.{B}. and {O}mar, {S}.{A}. and {M}eskel, {D}.{W}. and {B}elay, {G}. and {F}roment, {A}lain and {P}atterson, {N}. and {R}eich, {D}. and {T}ishkoff, {S}.{A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground : {A}frica is the origin of modern humans within the past 300 thousand years. {T}o infer the complex demographic history of {A}frican populations and adaptation to diverse environments, we sequenced the genomes of 92 individuals from 44 indigenous {A}frican populations. {R}esults : {G}enetic structure analyses indicate that among {A}fricans, genetic ancestry is largely partitioned by geography and language, though we observe mixed ancestry in many individuals, consistent with both short- and long-range migration events followed by admixture. {P}hylogenetic analysis indicates that the {S}an genetic lineage is basal to all modern human lineages. {T}he {S}an and {N}iger-{C}ongo, {A}froasiatic, and {N}ilo-{S}aharan lineages were substantially diverged by 160 kya (thousand years ago). {I}n contrast, the {S}an and {C}entral {A}frican rainforest hunter-gatherer ({CRHG}), {H}adza hunter-gatherer, and {S}andawe hunter-gatherer lineages were diverged by ~ 120–100 kya. {N}iger-{C}ongo, {N}ilo-{S}aharan, and {A}froasiatic lineages diverged more recently by ~ 54–16 kya. {E}astern and western {CRHG} lineages diverged by ~ 50–31 kya, and the western {CRHG} lineages diverged by ~ 18–12 kya. {T}he {S}an and {CRHG} populations maintained the largest effective population size compared to other populations prior to 60 kya. {F}urther, we observed signatures of positive selection at genes involved in muscle development, bone synthesis, reproduction, immune function, energy metabolism, and cell signaling, which may contribute to local adaptation of {A}frican populations. {C}onclusions : {W}e observe high levels of genomic variation between ethnically diverse {A}fricans which is largely correlated with geography and language. {O}ur study indicates ancient population substructure and local adaptation of {A}fricans.},
  keywords = {{AFRIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}enome {B}iology},
  volume = {20},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 82 [14  + 1 p.]},
  ISSN = {1474-760{X}},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010075637},
}