@article{fdi:010075197,
  title = {{A}nthropic impacts on {S}ub-{S}aharan urban water resources through their pharmaceutical contamination ({Y}aounde, {C}enter {R}egion, {C}ameroon)},
  author = {{B}ranchet, {P}. and {C}astro, {N}. {A}. and {F}enet, {H}. and {G}omez, {E}. and {C}ourant, {F}. and {S}ebag, {D}avid and {G}ardon, {J}acques and {J}ourdan, {C}. and {N}gatcha, {B}. {N}. and {K}engne, {I}. and {C}adot, {E}mmanuelle and {G}onzalez, {C}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ub-{S}aharan urban centers have to tackle high population growth, lack of sanitation infrastructures and the need for good quality water resources. {T}o characterize the impacts of anthropization on the water resources of the capital of {C}ameroon ({Y}aounde), a multi-disciplinary approach was used in ten sub-watersheds (peri-urban and urban) of the {M}efou watershed. {P}harmaceutical residues were used as tracers of surface and groundwater contamination caused by the release of domestic wastewater from pit latrines and landfills. {A} water use survey was conducted in the vicinity of the sampling sites to better assess water use, treatment and management. {A}vailable land use and hydro-geomorphological data completed characterization of the sub-watersheds. {T}he combined data showed that natural features (elevation, slope, and hydrography) and human activities (land use) favor rainfall-runoff events and hence surface water contamination. {P}harmaceutical monitoring revealed contamination of both surface and groundwater especially in the urban sub-watersheds. {A}nalgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-epileptic carbamazepine were the most frequently found compounds (in up to 91% of water samples) with concentrations of acetaminophen reaching 5660 ng/{L}. {I}n urban sub-watersheds, 50% of the groundwater sites used for drinking water were contaminated by diclofenac (476-518 ng/{L}), carbamazepine (263-335 ng/{L}), ibuprofen (141-276 ng/{L}), sulfamethoxazole (<2-1285 ng/{L}) and acetaminophen (110-111 ng/{L}), emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the interactions between surface and groundwater. {T}he use of groundwater as drinking water by 68% of the total population surveyed raises concerns about population exposure and potential health risks. {T}his case study highlights the need for strategies to limit contamination of the water resource given the predicted future expansion of {S}ub-{S}aharan urban centers.},
  keywords = {{P}harmaceutical residues ; {W}ater resources ; {W}ater use ; {U}rbanization ; {W}astewater ; {S}ub-{S}aharan {A}frica ; {AFRIQUE} {SUBSAHARIENNE} ; {CAMEROUN} ; {YAOUNDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{S}cience of the {T}otal {E}nvironment},
  volume = {660},
  numero = {},
  pages = {886--898},
  ISSN = {0048-9697},
  year = {2019},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.256},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010075197},
}