@article{fdi:010074496,
  title = {{G}lobal carbon budget 2018 [{D}ata {P}aper]},
  author = {{L}e {Q}u{\'e}r{\'e}, {C}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {P}ickers, {P}. {A}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {A}rneth, {A}. and {A}rora, {V}. {K}. and {B}arbero, {L}. and {B}astos, {A}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {D}oney, {S}. {C}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {G}oll, {D}. {S}. and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}averd, {V}. and {H}offman, {F}. {M}. and {H}oppema, {M}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}urtt, {G}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}ain, {A}. {K}. and {J}ohannessen, {T}. and {J}ones, {C}. {D}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}eeling, {R}. {F}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {L}andschutzer, {P}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and {L}ienert, {S}. and {L}iu, {Z}. and {L}ombardozzi, {D}. and {M}etzl, {N}. and {M}unro, {D}. {R}. and {N}abel, {J}ems and {N}akaoka, {S}. and {N}eill, {C}. and {O}lsen, {A}. and {O}no, {T}. and {P}atra, {P}. and {P}eregon, {A}. and {P}eters, {W}. and {P}eylin, {P}. and {P}feil, {B}. and {P}ierrot, {D}. and {P}oulter, {B}. and {R}ehder, {G}. and {R}esplandy, {L}. and {R}obertson, {E}. and {R}ocher, {M}. and {R}odenbeck, {C}. and {S}chuster, {U}. and {S}chwinger, {J}. and {S}eferian, {R}. and {S}kjelvan, {I}. and {S}teinhoff, {T}. and {S}utton, {A}. and {T}ans, {P}. {P}. and {T}ian, {H}. {Q}. and {T}ilbrook, {B}. and {T}ubiello, {F}. {N}. and van der {L}aan-{L}uijkx, {I}. {T}. and van der {W}erf, {G}. {R}. and {V}iovy, {N}. and {W}alker, {A}. {P}. and {W}iltshire, {A}. {J}. and {W}right, {R}. and {Z}aehle, {S}. and {Z}heng, {B}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {F}ossil {CO}2 emissions ({E}-{FF}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land -use change data and bookkeeping models. {A}tmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) and terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. {T}he resulting carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the last decade available (2008-2017), {E}-{FF} was 9.4 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {E}-{LUC} 1.5 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {G}({ATM}) 4.7 +/- 0.02 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} 2.4 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} 3.2 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a budget imbalance {B}-{IM} of 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. {F}or the year 2017 alone, the growth in {E}-{FF} was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1). {A}lso for 2017, {E}-{LUC} was 1.4 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {G}({ATM}) was 4.6 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.5 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 3.8 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a {B}-{IM} of 0.3 {G}t{C}. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration reached 405.0 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. {F}or 2018, preliminary data for the first 6-9 months indicate a renewed growth in {E}-{FF} of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for {C}hina, the {US}, the {EU}, and {I}ndia and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. {T}he analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959-2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 {G}t{C} yr(-1) persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in {CO}2 fluxes. {A} detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land -use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land {CO}2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the {CO}2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. {T}his living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set ({L}e {Q}uere et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). {A}ll results presented here can be downloaded from},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {2141--2194},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010074496},
}