@article{fdi:010074410,
  title = {{C}offee somatic embryogenesis : how did research, experience gained and innovations promote the commercial propagation of elite clones from the two cultivated species ?},
  author = {{E}tienne, {H}. and {B}reton, {D}. and {B}reitler, {J}. {C}. and {B}ertrand, {B}. and {D}echamp, {E}. and {A}wada, {R}. and {M}arraccini, {P}. and {L}eran, {S}. and {A}lpizar, {E}. and {C}ampa, {C}laudine and {C}ourtel, {P}. and {G}eorget, {F}. and {D}ucos, {J}. {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ince the 1990s, somatic embryogenesis ({SE}) has enabled the propagation of selected varieties, {A}rabica {F}1 hybrid and {R}obusta clones, originating from the two cultivated coffee species, {C}offea arabica and {C}offea canephora, respectively. {T}his paper shows how mostly empirical research has led to successful industrial transfers launched in the 2000s in {L}atin {A}merica, {A}frica, and {A}sia. {C}offee {SE} can be considered as a model for other woody perennial crops for the following reasons: (i) a high biological efficiency has been demonstrated for propagated varieties at all developmental stages, and (ii) somaclonal variation is understood and mastered thanks to intensive research combining molecular markers and field observations. {C}offee {SE} is also a useful model given the strong economic constraints that are specific to this species. {I}n brief, {SE} faced four difficulties: (i) the high cost of {SE} derived plants compared to the cost of seedlings of conventional varieties, (ii) the logistic problems involved in reaching small-scale coffee growers, (iii) the need for certification, and (iv) the lack of solvency among small-scale producers. {N}ursery activities were professionalized by introducing varietal certification, quality control with regard to horticultural problems and somaclonal variation, and sanitary control for {X}ylella fastidiosa. {I}n addition, different technology transfers were made to ensure worldwide dissemination of improved {F}1 {A}rabica hybrids and {R}obusta clones. {I}nnovations have been decisive for successful scaling-up and reduction of production costs, such as the development of temporary immersion bioreactors for the mass production of pre-germinated embryos, their direct sowing on horticultural soil, and the propagation of rejuvenated {SE} plants by rooted mini-cuttings. {T}oday, {SE} is a powerful tool that is widely used in coffee for biotechnological applications including propagation and genetic transformation. {B}asic research has recently started taking advantage of optimized {SE} protocols. {B}ased on -omics methodologies, research aims to decipher the molecular events involved in the key developmental switches of coffee {SE}. {I}n parallel, a high-throughput screening of active molecules on {SE} appears to be a promising tool to speed-up the optimization of {SE} protocols.},
  keywords = {technology transfer ; innovation ; somaclonal variation ; cuttings ; bioreactors},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{F}rontiers in {P}lant {S}cience},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 1630 [21 p.]},
  ISSN = {1664-462{X}},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.3389/fpls.2018.01630},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010074410},
}