@article{fdi:010073112,
  title = {{A}ntimony susceptibility of {L}eishmania isolates collected over a 30-year period in {A}lgeria},
  author = {{E}ddaikra, {N}. and {A}it-{O}udhia, {K}. and {K}herrachi, {I}. and {O}ury, {B}runo and {M}oulti-{M}ati, {F}. and {B}enikhlef, {R}. and {H}arrat, {Z}. and {S}ereno, {D}enis},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {I}n {A}lgeria, the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmanioses ({VL} and {CL}) has been and continues to be based on antimony-containing drugs. {I}t is suspected that high drug selective pressure might favor the emergence of chemoresistant parasites. {A}lthough treatment failure is frequently reported during antimonial therapy of both {CL} and {VL}, antimonial resistance has never been thoroughly investigated in {A}lgeria. {D}etermining the level of antimonial susceptibility, amongst {L}eishmania transmitted in {A}lgeria, is of great importance for the development of public health policies. {M}ethodology/{P}rincipal findings {W}ithin the framework of the knowledge about the epidemiology of {VL} and {CL} amassed during the last 30 years, we sampled {L}eishmania isolates to determine their susceptibility to antimony. {W}e analyzed a total of 106 isolates including 88 isolates collected between 1976 and 2013 in {A}lgeria from humans, dogs, rodents, and phlebotomines and 18 collected from dogs in {F}rance. {A}ll the {A}lgerian isolates were collected in 14 localities where leishmaniasis is endemic. {T}he 50% inhibitory concentrations ({IC}50) of potassium antimony tartrate (the trivalent form of antimony, {S}b({III})) and sodium stibogluconate (the pentavalent form of antimony, {S}b({V})) were determined in promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes, respectively. {T}he epidemiological cutoff ({ECOFF}) that allowed us to differentiate between {L}eishmania species causing cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases that were susceptible ({S}+) or insusceptible ({S}-) to the trivalent form of antimony was determined. {T}he computed {IC}50 cutoff values were 23.83 mu g/m{L} and 15.91 mu g/m{L} for {VL} and {CL}, respectively. {W}e report a trend of increasing antimony susceptibility in {VL} isolates during the 30-year period. {I}n contrast, an increase in the frequency of {S}-phenotypes in isolates causing {CL} was observed during the same period. {I}n our study, the emergence of {S}-phenotypes correlates with the inclusion of {L}. killicki (syn: {L}. tropica) isolates that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis and that have emerged in {A}lgeria during the last decade. {C}onclusion/{S}ignificance {O}ur results provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of {L}eishmania antimony susceptibility in {A}lgeria. {W}e highlight the need for the future implementation of an effective methodology to determine the antimony susceptibility status of {L}eishmania isolates to detect the emergence of and prevent the dissemination of drug-resistant strains.},
  keywords = {{ALGERIE} ; {FRANCE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{PL}o{S} {N}eglected {T}ropical {D}iseases},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {e0006310 [23 p.]},
  ISSN = {1935-2735},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0006310},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010073112},
}