@article{fdi:010072826,
  title = {{T}oxicological investigations on the sea urchin {T}ripneustes gratilla ({T}oxopneustidae, {E}chinoid) from {A}naho {B}ay ({N}uku {H}iva, {F}rench {P}olynesia) : evidence for the presence of {P}acific ciguatoxins},
  author = {{D}arius, {H}. {T}. and {R}ou{\'e}, {M}elanie and {S}ibat, {M}. and {V}iallon, {J}. and {G}atti, {C}. {M}. {I}. and {V}andersea, {M}. {W}. and {T}ester, {P}. {A}. and {L}itaker, {R}. {W}. and {A}mzil, {Z}. and {H}ess, {P}. and {C}hinain, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he sea urchin {T}ripneustes gratilla ({T}oxopneustidae, {E}chinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the {I}ndo-{W}est {P}acific. {I}t was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. {I}n {A}pril and {J}uly 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of {T}. gratilla in {A}naho {B}ay ({N}uku {H}iva {I}sland, {M}arquesas archipelago, {F}rench {P}olynesia). {P}atient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from {A}naho {B}ay in {J}uly 2015 and {N}ovember 2016. {T}oxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay ({CBA}-{N}2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins ({CTX}s) in {T}. gratilla samples. {G}ambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of {A}naho {B}ay, and {G}. polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to q{PCR} results. {L}iquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) analyses revealed that {P}-{CTX}-3{B} was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-{OH}-{P}-{CTX}-3{C}, {P}-{CTX}-3{C}, {P}-{CTX}-4{A}, and {P}-{CTX}-4{B}. {B}etween {J}uly 2015 and {N}ovember 2016, the toxin content in {T}. gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. {T}his study provides evidence of {CTX} bioaccumulation in {T}. gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.},
  keywords = {ciguatera poisoning ; ciguatoxins ; {T}ripneustes gratilla ; sea urchin ; {E}chinoidea ; {G}ambierdiscus polynesiensis ; windowscreens ; artificial substrates ; q{PCR} assays ; {CBA}-{N}2a ; {LC}-{MS}/{MS} ; {PACIFIQUE} ; {POLYNESIE} {FRANCAISE} ; {NUKU} {HIVA} {ILE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}arine {D}rugs},
  volume = {16},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {art. 122 [22 p.]},
  ISSN = {1660-3397},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.3390/md16040122},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072826},
}