@article{fdi:010072801,
  title = {{D}rivers and trajectories of land cover change in {E}ast {A}frica : human and environmental interactions from 6000 years ago to present},
  author = {{M}archant, {R}. and {R}icher, {S}. and {B}oles, {O}. and {C}apitani, {C}. and {C}ourtney-{M}ustaphi, {C}. {J}. and {L}ane, {P}. and {P}rendergast, {M}. {E}. and {S}tump, {D}. and {D}e {C}ort, {G}. and {K}aplan, {J}. {O}. and {P}helps, {L}. and {K}ay, {A}. and {O}lago, {D}. and {P}etek, {N}. and {P}latts, {P}. {J}. and {P}unwong, {P}. and {W}idgren, {M}. and {W}ynne-{J}ones, {S}. and {F}erro-{V}azquez, {C}. and {B}enard, {J}. and {B}oivin, {N}. and {C}rowther, {A}. and {C}uni-{S}anchez, {A}. and {D}eere, {N}. {J}. and {E}kblom, {A}. and {F}armer, {J}. and {F}inch, {J}. and {F}uller, {D}. and {G}aillard-{L}emdahl, {M}. {J}. and {G}illson, {L}. and {G}ithumbi, {E}. and {K}abora, {T}. and {K}ariuki, {R}. and {K}inyanjui, {R}. and {K}yazike, {E}. and {L}ang, {C}. and {L}ejju, {J}. and {M}orrison, {K}. {D}. and {M}uiruri, {V}. and {M}umbi, {C}. and {M}uthoni, {R}. and {M}uzuka, {A}. and {N}diema, {E}. and {N}zabandora, {C}. {K}. and {O}njala, {I}. and {S}chrijver, {A}. {P}. and {R}ucina, {S}. and {S}hoemaker, {A}. and {T}hornton-{B}arnett, {S}. and van der {P}las, {G}. and {W}atson, {E}. {E}. and {W}illiamson, {D}avid and {W}right, {D}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{E}ast {A}frican landscapes today are the result of the cumulative effects of climate and land-use change over millennial timescales. {I}n this review, we compile archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data from {E}ast {A}frica to document land-cover change, and environmental, subsistence and land-use transitions, over the past 6000 years. {T}hroughout {E}ast {A}frica there have been a series of relatively rapid and high-magnitude environmental shifts characterised by changing hydrological budgets during the mid- to late {H}olocene. {F}or example, pronounced environmental shifts that manifested as a marked change in the rainfall amount or seasonality and subsequent hydrological budget throughout {E}ast {A}frica occurred around 4000, 800 and 300 radiocarbon years before present (yr {BP}). {T}he past 6000 years have also seen numerous shifts in human interactions with {E}ast {A}frican ecologies. {F}rom the mid-{H}olocene, land use has both diversified and increased exponentially, this has been associated with the arrival of new subsistence systems, crops, migrants and technologies, all giving rise to a sequence of significant phases of land-cover change. {T}he first large-scale human influences began to occur around 4000 yr {BP}, associated with the introduction of domesticated livestock and the expansion of pastoral communities. {T}he first widespread and intensive forest clearances were associated with the arrival of iron-using early farming communities around 2500 yr {BP}, particularly in productive and easily-cleared mid-altitudinal areas. {E}xtensive and pervasive land-cover change has been associated with population growth, immigration and movement of people. {T}he expansion of trading routes between the interior and the coast, starting around 1300 years ago and intensifying in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries {CE}, was one such process. {T}hese caravan routes possibly acted as conduits for spreading {N}ew {W}orld crops such as maize ({Z}ea mays), tobacco ({N}icotiana spp.) and tomatoes ({S}olanum lycopersicum), although the processes and timings of their introductions remains poorly documented. {T}he introduction of southeast {A}sian domesticates, especially banana ({M}usa spp.), rice ({O}ryza spp.), taro ({C}olocasia esculenta), and chicken ({G}allus gallus), via transoceanic biological transfers around and across the {I}ndian {O}cean, from at least around 1300 yr {BP}, and potentially significantly earlier, also had profound social and ecological consequences across parts of the region. {T}hrough an interdisciplinary synthesis of information and metadatasets, we explore the different drivers and directions of changes in land-cover, and the associated environmental histories and interactions with various cultures, technologies, and subsistence strategies through time and across space in {E}ast {A}frica. {T}his review suggests topics for targeted future research that focus on areas and/or time periods where our understanding of the interactions between people, the environment and land-cover change are most contentious and/or poorly resolved. {T}he review also offers a perspective on how knowledge of regional land-use change can be used to inform and provide perspectives on contemporary issues such as climate and ecosystem change models, conservation strategies, and the achievement of nature-based solutions for development purposes.},
  keywords = {{A}rchaeology ; {I}ron technology ; {P}ottery ; {P}astoralism ; {A}griculture ; {L}ivelihoods ; {P}alaeoenvironments ; {S}avannah ; {L}and{C}over6k ; {S}ustainable ; {D}evelopment {G}oals ; {L}and use ; {AFRIQUE} {DE} l'{EST} ; {OUGANDA} ; {KENYA} ; {RWANDA} ; {TANZANIE} ; {BURUNDI}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth-{S}cience {R}eviews},
  volume = {178},
  numero = {},
  pages = {322--378},
  ISSN = {0012-8252},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.010},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072801},
}