@article{fdi:010072760,
  title = {{M}anufacturing smugglers : from irregular to clandestine mobility in the {S}ahara},
  author = {{B}rachet, {J}ulien},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{F}or decades, mobility between the {S}ahel and northern {A}frica was mostly irregular, but not clandestine. {M}ost of the border crossings were supervised and (illegally) taxed by border police; everyone knew who did what with whom, and {S}aharan drivers were not thought of as smugglers of people. {S}tarting in the early 2000s, {E}uropean countries intervened, considering all trans-{S}aharan movements as a first step on a journey toward {E}urope, thus encouraging national authorities to stop them. {T}his led to the tightening of border controls across northwest {A}frica. {T}his article shows how the resulting criminalization of travel to and through the {S}ahara has led to the development of specialized passenger transport as a clandestine activity, resulting in an increase in the human and financial costs of those journeys. {T}hus, smugglers, as a particular category of actors, appear as directly manufactured by the migration policies that were drafted to control them.},
  keywords = {migration ; smuggling ; transport ; irregularity ; policies ; {N}iger ; {S}ahara ; {NIGER} ; {SAHARA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}nnals of the {A}merican {A}cademy of {P}olitical and {S}ocial {S}cience},
  volume = {676},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {16--35},
  ISSN = {0002-7162},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1177/0002716217744529},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072760},
}