@article{fdi:010072487,
  title = {{T}he current insecticide resistance status of {A}nopheles gambiae (s.l.) ({C}ulicidae) in rural and urban areas of {B}ouak{\'e}, {C}ote d'{I}voire},
  author = {{Z}oh, {D}. {D}. and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {T}oure, {M}. and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric and {C}amara, {S}. and {T}raore, {D}. {F}. and {K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {A}dja, {A}. {M}. and {Y}api, {A}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {S}everal studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of {B}ouake, after the crisis in {C}ote d'{I}voire. {T}hey reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. {T}he present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of {A}n. gambiae (s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of {B}ouake. {M}ethods: {L}arvae of {A}nopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. {T}he resistance status was assessed using the {WHO} bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. {M}olecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of {A}n. gambiae (s.l.), the {L}1014{F} kdr and the ace-1{R} alleles in individual mosquitoes. {T}he synergist {PBO} was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. {B}iochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase ({MFO}) levels, non-specific esterases ({NSE}) and glutathione {S}-transferases ({GST}). {R}esults: {H}igh resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in {A}nopheles gambiae (s.l.) from {B}ouake. {M}ortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. {T}he pre-exposure to {PBO} restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. {T}he same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. {W}ith {DDT}, pre-exposure to {PBO} did not increase the mortality rate of {A}n. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. {T}olerance to organophosphates was observed. {A}n increased activity of {NSE} and higher level of {MFO} were found compared to the {K}isumu susceptible reference strain. {T}wo molecular forms, {S} form [({A}n. gambiae (s.s)] and {M} form ({A}n. coluzzi) were identified. {T}he kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for {A}n. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for {A}n. coluzzii. {T}he ace-1{R} frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for {A}n. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for {A}n. coluzzii. {C}onclusion: {R}esistance to insecticides is widespread within both {A}n. gambiae (s. s.) and {A}n. coluzzii. {T}wo mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in {B}ouake. {P}yrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism.},
  keywords = {{M}alaria ; {I}nsecticide resistance ; {M}etabolic resistance ; {K}dr ; {A}ce-1 ; {A}n. gambiae (s.s.) ; {A}n. coluzzii ; {COTE} {D}'{IVOIRE} ; {BOUAKE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 118 [12 p.]},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1186/s13071-018-2702-2},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072487},
}