@article{fdi:010072474,
  title = {{G}lobal {C}arbon {B}udget 2017},
  author = {{L}e {Q}u{\'e}r{\'e}, {C}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {P}ongratz, {J}. and {M}anning, {A}. {C}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {J}ackson, {R}. {B}. and {B}oden, {T}. {A}. and {T}ans, {P}. {P}. and {A}ndrews, {O}. {D}. and {A}rora, {V}. {K}. and {B}akker, {D}. {C}. {E}. and {B}arbero, {L}. and {B}ecker, {M}. and {B}etts, {R}. {A}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {C}osca, {C}. {E}. and {C}ross, {J}. and {C}urrie, {K}. and {G}asser, {T}. and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {H}averd, {V}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}unt, {C}. {W}. and {H}urtt, {G}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}ain, {A}. {K}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}autz, {M}. and {K}eeling, {R}. {F}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}ortzinger, {A}. and {L}andschutzer, {P}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and {L}enton, {A}. and {L}ienert, {S}. and {L}ima, {I}. and {L}ombardozzi, {D}. and {M}etzl, {N}. and {M}illero, {F}. and {M}onteiro, {P}. {M}. {S}. and {M}unro, {D}. {R}. and {N}abel, {J}ems and {N}akaoka, {S}. and {N}ojiri, {Y}. and {P}adin, {X}. {A}. and {P}eregon, {A}. and {P}feil, {B}. and {P}ierrot, {D}. and {P}oulter, {B}. and {R}ehder, {G}. and {R}eimer, {J}. and {R}odenbeck, {C}. and {S}chwinger, {J}. and {S}eferian, {R}. and {S}kjelvan, {I}. and {S}tocker, {B}. {D}. and {T}ian, {H}. {Q}. and {T}ilbrook, {B}. and {T}ubiello, {F}. {N}. and van der {L}aan-{L}uijkx, {I}. {T}. and van der {W}erf, {G}. {R}. and van {H}euven, {S}. and {V}iovy, {N}. and {V}uichard, {N}. and {W}alker, {A}. {P}. and {W}atson, {A}. {J}. and {W}iltshire, {A}. {J}. and {Z}aehle, {S}. and {Z}hu, {D}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. {CO}2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry ({E}-{FF}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) and terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. {T}he resulting carbon budget imbalance ({B}-{IM}), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. {F}or the last decade available (2007-2016), {E}-{FF} was 9.4 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {E}-{LUC} 1.3 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {G}({ATM}) 4.7 +/- 0.1 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} 2.4 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} 3.0 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a budget imbalance {B}-{IM} of 0.6 {G}t{C} yr(-1) indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. {F}or year 2016 alone, the growth in {E}-{FF} was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1). {A}lso for 2016, {E}-{LUC} was 1.3 +/- 0.7 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {G}({ATM}) was 6.1 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.6 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 2.7 +/- 1.0 {G}t{C} yr(-1), with a small {B}-{IM} of 0.3 {G}t{C}. {G}({ATM}) continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007-2016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small {S}-{LAND} consistent with {E}l {N}ino conditions. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration reached 402.8 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2016. {F}or 2017, preliminary data for the first 6-9 months indicate a renewed growth in {E}-{FF} of +2.0% (range of 0.8 to 3.0 %) based on national emissions projections for {C}hina, {USA}, and {I}ndia, and projections of gross domestic product ({GDP}) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. {T}his living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set ({L}e {Q}uere et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). {A}ll results presented here can be downloaded from},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {1},
  pages = {405--448},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-10-405-2018},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072474},
}