@article{fdi:010072000,
  title = {{M}apping insecticide resistance in {A}nopheles gambiae (s.l.) from {C}{\^o}te d'{I}voire},
  author = {{C}amara, {S}. and {K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {K}offi, {K}. and {K}abran, {J}. {P}. {K}. and {K}one, {A}. and {K}offi, {M}. {F}. and {N}'{G}uessan, {R}. and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {I}nsecticide resistance in malaria vectors is an increasing threat to vector control tools currently deployed in endemic countries. {R}esistance management must be an integral part of {N}ational {M}alaria {C}ontrol {P}rogrammes' ({NMCP}s) next strategic plans to alleviate the risk of control failure. {T}his obviously will require a clear database on insecticide resistance to support the development of such a plan. {T}he present work gathers original data on insecticide resistance between 2009 and 2015 across {C}ote d'{I}voire in {W}est {A}frica. {M}ethods: {T}wo approaches were adopted to build or update the resistance data in the country. {R}esistance monitoring was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 35 sentinel sites across the country using the {WHO} standard procedure of susceptibility test on adult mosquitoes. {F}our insecticide families (pyrethroids, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates) were tested. {I}n addition to this survey, we also reviewed the literature to assemble existing data on resistance between 2009 and 2015. {R}esults: {H}igh resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorides and carbamates were widespread in all study sites whereas some {A}nopheles populations remained susceptible to organophosphates. {T}hree resistance mechanisms were identified, involving high allelic frequencies of kdr {L}1014{F} mutation (range = 0.46-1), relatively low frequencies of ace-1({R}) (below 0.5) and elevated activity of insecticide detoxifying enzymes, mainly mixed function oxidases ({MFO}), esterase and glutathione {S}-transferase ({GST}) in almost all study sites. {C}onclusion: {T}his detailed map of resistance highlights the urgent need to develop new vector control tools to complement current long-lasting insecticidal nets ({LLIN}s) although it is yet unclear whether these resistance mechanisms will impact malaria transmission control. {R}esearchers, industry, {WHO} and stakeholders must urgently join forces to develop alternative tools. {B}y then, {NMCP}s must strive to develop effective tactics or plans to manage resistance keeping in mind country-specific context and feasibility.},
  keywords = {{M}alaria vectors ; {R}esistance ; {I}nsecticides ; {C}ote d'{I}voire ; {COTE} {D}'{IVOIRE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {},
  pages = {art. 19 [11 p.]},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2018},
  DOI = {10.1186/s13071-017-2546-1},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010072000},
}