@article{fdi:010071882,
  title = {{W}orldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016 : a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults},
  author = {{NCD} {R}isk {F}actor {C}ollaboration and {E}zzati, {M}. and {B}entham, {J}. and {D}i {C}esare, {M}. and et al., and {D}elpeuch, {F}rancis and {M}aire, {B}ernard and {M}artin-{P}r{\'e}vel, {Y}ves and {S}avy, {M}athilde and {T}raissac, {P}ierre},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {U}nderweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. {O}ur aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index ({BMI}) and a comprehensive set of {BMI} categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. {M}ethods {W}e pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128.9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31.5 million aged 5-19 years. {W}e used a {B}ayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean {BMI} and for prevalence of {BMI} in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years: more than 2 {SD} below the median of the {WHO} growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 {SD} to more than 1 {SD} below the median (mild underweight), 1 {SD} below the median to 1 {SD} above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 {SD} to 2 {SD} above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 {SD} above the median (obesity). {F}indings {R}egional change in age-standardised mean {BMI} in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (-0.01 kg/m (2) per decade; 95% credible interval -0.42 to 0.39, posterior probability [{PP}] of the observed decrease being a true decrease= 0.5098) in eastern {E}urope to an increase of 1.00 kg/m(2) per decade (0.69-1.35, {PP}> 0.9999) in central {L}atin {A}merica and an increase of 0.95 kg/m (2) per decade (0.64-1.25, {PP}> 0.9999) in {P}olynesia and {M}icronesia. {T}he range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0.09 kg/m(2) per decade (-0.33 to 0.49, {PP}= 0.6926) in eastern {E}urope to an increase of 0.77 kg/m (2) per decade (0.50-1.06, {PP}> 0.9999) in {P}olynesia and {M}icronesia. {T}rends in mean {BMI} have recently flattened in northwestern {E}urope and the high-income {E}nglish-speaking and {A}sia-{P}acific regions for both sexes, southwestern {E}urope for boys, and central and {A}ndean {L}atin {A}merica for girls. {B}y contrast, the rise in {BMI} has accelerated in east and south {A}sia for both sexes, and southeast {A}sia for boys. {G}lobal age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0.7% (0.4-1.2) in 1975 to 5.6% (4.8-6.5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0.9% (0.5-1.3) in 1975 to 7.8% (6.7-9.1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9.2% (6.0-12.9) in 1975 to 8.4% (6.8-10.1) in 2016 in girls and from 14.8% (10.4-19.5) in 1975 to 12.4% (10.3-14.5) in 2016 in boys. {P}revalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in {I}ndia, at 22.7% (16.7-29.6) among girls and 30.7% (23.5-38.0) among boys. {P}revalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in {N}auru, the {C}ook {I}slands, and {P}alau; and boys in the {C}ook {I}slands, {N}auru, {P}alau, {N}iue, and {A}merican {S}amoa in 2016. {P}revalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in {P}olynesia and {M}icronesia, the {M}iddle {E}ast and north {A}frica, the {C}aribbean, and the {USA}. {I}n 2016, 75 (44-117) million girls and 117 (70-178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. {I}n the same year, 50 (24-89) million girls and 74 (39-125) million boys worldwide were obese. {I}nterpretation {T}he rising trends in children's and adolescents' {BMI} have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of {A}sia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{L}ancet},
  volume = {390},
  numero = {10113},
  pages = {2627--2642},
  ISSN = {0140-6736},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32129-3},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010071882},
}