@article{fdi:010070873,
  title = {{A}n assessment of air-sea heat fluxes from ocean and coupled reanalyses},
  author = {{V}aldivieso, {M}. and {H}aines, {K}. and {B}almaseda, {M}. and {C}hang, {Y}. {S}. and {D}revillon, {M}. and {F}erry, {N}. and {F}ujii, {Y}. and {K}ohl, {A}. and {S}torto, {A}. and {T}oyoda, {T}. and {W}ang, {X}. {C}. and {W}aters, {J}. and {X}ue, {Y}. and {Y}in, {Y}. {H}. and {B}arnier, {B}. and {H}ernandez, {F}abrice and {K}umar, {A}. and {L}ee, {T}. and {M}asina, {S}. and {P}eterson, {K}. {A}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ixteen monthly air-sea heat flux products from global ocean/coupled reanalyses are compared over 19932009 as part of the {O}cean {R}eanalysis {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({ORA}-{IP}). {O}bjectives include assessing the global heat closure, the consistency of temporal variability, comparison with other flux products, and documenting errors against in situ flux measurements at a number of {O}cean{SITES} moorings. {T}he ensemble of 16 {ORA}-{IP} flux estimates has a global positive bias over 1993-2009 of 4.2 +/- 1.1 {W} m(-2). {R}esidual heat gain (i. e., surface flux + assimilation increments) is reduced to a small positive imbalance (typically, + 1-2 {W} m(-2)). {T}his compensation between surface fluxes and assimilation increments is concentrated in the upper 100 m. {I}mplied steady meridional heat transports also improve by including assimilation sources, except near the equator. {T}he ensemble spread in surface heat fluxes is dominated by turbulent fluxes (>40 {W} m(-2) over the western boundary currents). {T}he mean seasonal cycle is highly consistent, with variability between products mostly <10 {W} m-2. {T}he interannual variability has consistent signal-to-noise ratio (similar to 2) throughout the equatorial {P}acific, reflecting {ENSO} variability. {C}omparisons at tropical buoy sites (10 degrees {S}-15 degrees {N}) over 2007-2009 showed too little ocean heat gain (i. e., flux into the ocean) in {ORA}-{IP} (up to 1/3 smaller than buoy measurements) primarily due to latent heat flux errors in {ORA}-{IP}. {C}omparisons with the {S}tratus buoy (20 degrees {S}, 85 degrees {W}) over a longer period, 2001-2009, also show the {ORA}-{IP} ensemble has 16 {W} m(-2) smaller net heat gain, nearly all of which is due to too much latent cooling caused by differences in surface winds imposed in {ORA}-{IP}.},
  keywords = {{S}urface heat fluxes ; {A}ssimilation fluxes ; {F}lux variability ; {F}lux comparisons with in situ buoy flux data ; {O}cean and coupled reanalyses ; {MONDE}},
  booktitle = {{O}cean estimation from an ensemble of global ocean reanalyses, consisting of papers from the {O}cean {R}eanalyses {I}ntercomparison {P}roject ({ORAIP})},
  journal = {{C}limate {D}ynamics},
  volume = {49},
  numero = {3 ({N}o sp{\'e}cial)},
  pages = {983--1008},
  ISSN = {0930-7575},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.1007/s00382-015-2843-3},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070873},
}