@article{fdi:010070266,
  title = {{M}ovement and contact patterns of long-distance free-grazing ducks and avian influenza persistence in {V}ietnam},
  author = {{M}eyer, {A}. and {D}inh, {T}. {X}. and {N}hu, {T}. {V}. and {P}ham, {L}. {T}. and {N}ewman, {S}. and {N}guyen, {T}. {T}. {T}. and {P}feiffer, {D}. {U}. and {V}ergne, {T}imoth{\'e}e},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{P}resence of ducks, and in particular of free-grazing ducks, has consistently been shown to be one of the most important risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks which has compromised poultry production in {S}outh-{E}ast {A}sia since the early 2000s and continues to threaten public health, farmers' livelihood and food security. {A}lthough free-grazing duck production has been practised for decades in {S}outh-{E}ast {A}sia, there are few published studies describing this production system, which is suspected to play an important role in the maintenance of avian influenza viruses. {T}his study aimed at describing quantitatively the long-distance free-grazing duck production system in {S}outh {V}ietnam, characterising the movement and contact patterns of the duck flocks, and identifying potential associations between farming practices, movement and contact patterns and the circulation of avian influenza viruses. {W}e conducted interviews among stakeholders involved in the free-grazing duck production system (duck farmers, transporters and rice paddy owners) in combination with a virological cross-sectional survey in {S}outh {V}ietnam. {R}esults show that both direct and indirect contacts between free-grazing duck flocks were frequent and diverse. {T}he flocks were transported extensively across district and province boundaries, mainly by boat but also by truck or on foot. {A} third of the investigated flocks had a positive influenza {A} virology test, indicating current circulation of avian influenza viruses, but none were positive for {H}5 subtypes. {T}he age and size of the flock as well as its location at the time of sampling were associated with the risk of influenza {A} circulation in the flocks. {T}hese findings should be considered when developing risk assessment models of influenza virus spread aimed at informing the development of improved biosecurity practices leading to enhanced animal health, sustainable animal production and reliable income for farmers.},
  keywords = {{VIET} {NAM}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}los {O}ne},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {6},
  pages = {e0178241 [16 p.]},
  ISSN = {1932-6203},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0178241},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070266},
}