@article{fdi:010070038,
  title = {{B}onobos maintain immune system diversity with three functional types of mhc-b},
  author = {{W}roblewski, {E}. {E}. and {G}uethlein, {L}. {A}. and {N}orman, {P}. {J}. and {L}i, {Y}. {Y}. and {S}haw, {C}. {M}. and {H}an, {A}. {S}. and {N}django, {J}. {B}. {N}. and {A}huka-{M}undeke, {S}. and {G}eorgiev, {A}. {V}. and {P}eeters, {M}artine and {H}ahn, {B}. {H}. and {P}arham, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{F}ast-evolving {MHC} class {I} polymorphism serves to diversify {NK} cell and {CD}8 {T} cell responses in individuals, families, and populations. {B}ecause only chimpanzee and bonobo have strict orthologs of all {HLA} class {I}, their study gives unique perspectives on the human condition. {W}e defined polymorphism of {P}apa-{B}, the bonobo ortholog of {HLA}-{B}, for six wild bonobo populations. {S}equences for {P}apa-{B} exon 2 and 3 were determined from the genomic {DNA} in 255 fecal samples, minimally representing 110 individuals. {T}wenty-two {P}apa-{B} alleles were defined, each encoding a different {P}apa-{B} protein. {N}o {P}apa-{B} is identical to any chimpanzee {P}atr-{B}, human {HLA}-{B}, or gorilla {G}ogo-{B}. {P}hylogenetic analysis identified a {G}lade of {MHC}-{B}, defined by residues 45-74 of the alpha(1) domain, which is broadly conserved among bonobo, chimpanzee, and gorilla. {B}onobo populations have 3-14 {P}apa-{B} allotypes. {T}hree {P}apa-{B} are in all populations, and they are each of a different functional type: allotypes having the {B}w4 epitope recognized by killer cell {I}g-like receptors of {NK} cells, allotypes having the {C}l epitope also recognized by killer cell {I}g-like receptors, and allotypes having neither epitope. {F}or population {M}alebo, these three {P}apa-{B} are the only {P}apa-{B} allotypes. {A}lthough small in number, their sequence divergence is such that the nucleotide diversity (mean proportional distance) of {P}apa-{B} in {M}alebo is greater than in the other populations and is also greater than expected for random combinations of three {P}apa-{B}. {O}verall, {P}apa-{B} has substantially less diversity than {P}atr-{B} in chimpanzee subspecies and {HLA}-{B} in indigenous human populations, consistent with bonobo having experienced narrower population bottlenecks.},
  keywords = {{REPUBLIQUE} {DEMOCRATIQUE} {DU} {CONGO}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {I}mmunology},
  volume = {198},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {3480--3493},
  ISSN = {0022-1767},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.4049/jimmunol.601955},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070038},
}