@article{fdi:010070002,
  title = {{P}ositivity of antigen tests used for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in individuals without {W}uchereria bancrofti infection but with high loa loa microfilaremia},
  author = {{P}ion, {S}{\'e}bastien and {M}ontavon, {C}{\'e}line and {C}hesnais, {C}. {B}. and {K}amgno, {J}. and {W}anji, {S}. and {K}lion, {A}. {D}. and {N}utman, {T}. {B}. and {B}oussinesq, {M}ichel},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ince the mid-2000s, the immunochromatographic card test ({ICT}), a point-of-care test for detecting {W}uchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigens ({CFA}s), has been the backbone for mapping and monitoring lymphatic filariasis ({LF}) worldwide. {R}ecently, there have been instances in which {CFA} positivity has been associated with {L}oa loa microfilaremia. {H}ere, we examined the association, at both the community and individual levels, between {L}. loa and {CFA} using additional diagnostic tools (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [q{PCR}], {O}g4{C}3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and {I}g{G}4 antibodies to {W}b123 assays) to demonstrate the relationship between {L}. loa microfilaremia and {ICT} positivity. {I}n {M}ay 2013, peripheral blood was collected during the day from 1,812 individuals living in southern {C}ameroon. {ICT} tests were done on the spot, and positive individuals were resampled at night. {R}esults of q{PCR} and {W}b123 assays concurred proving the absence of {W}. bancrofti infection. {O}g4{C}3 assays indicate a quantitative relationship between the level of {L}. loa microfilaremia and that of {CFA}. {T}his was confirmed by epidemiological analyses, which reveal a strong association between {L}. loa microfilaremia and {ICT} positivity, with 50% of {ICT} reacting to {L}. loa when its microfilarial density exceeds 30,000 microfilariae/m{L}. {A}t the community level, the proportion of positive {ICT} would exceed 2% when the prevalence of {L}. loa microfilaremia in the total population is above 20%. {T}his has significant implications in terms of mapping and control of {LF} caused by {W}. bancrofti in {L}oa-endemic areas. {C}ross reactivity of {ICT} with {L}. loa has to be considered in the context of both individual and community diagnostics.},
  keywords = {{CAMEROUN}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}merican {J}ournal of {T}ropical {M}edicine and {H}ygiene},
  volume = {95},
  numero = {6},
  pages = {1417--1423},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.4269/ajtmh.16-0547},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070002},
}