@article{fdi:010069982,
  title = {{T}he interactions between soil-biosphere-atmosphere ({ISBA}) land surface model multi-energy balance ({MEB}) option in {SURFEX}v8 - {P}art 2 : introduction of a litter formulation and model evaluation for local-scale forest sites},
  author = {{N}apoly, {A}. and {B}oone, {A}. and {S}amuelsson, {P}. and {G}ollvik, {S}. and {M}artin, {E}. and {S}eferian, {R}. and {C}arrer, {D}. and {D}echarme, {B}. and {J}arlan, {L}ionel},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{L}and surface models ({LSM}s) need to balance a complicated trade-off between computational cost and complexity in order to adequately represent the exchanges of energy, water and matter with the atmosphere and the ocean. {S}ome current generation {LSM}s use a simplified or composite canopy approach that generates recurrent errors in simulated soil temperature and turbulent fluxes. {I}n response to these issues, a new version of the interactions between soil-biosphere-atmosphere ({ISBA}) land surface model has recently been developed that explicitly solves the transfer of energy and water from the upper canopy and the forest floor, which is characterized as a litter layer. {T}he multi-energy balance ({MEB}) version of {ISBA} is first evaluated for three well-instrumented contrasting local-scale sites, and sensitivity tests are performed to explore the behavior of new model parameters. {S}econd, {ISBA}-{MEB} is benchmarked against observations from 42 forested sites from the global micrometeorological network ({FLUXNET}) for multiple annual cycles. {I}t is shown that {ISBA}-{MEB} outperforms the composite version of {ISBA} in improving the representation of soil temperature, ground, sensible and, to a lesser extent, latent heat fluxes. {B}oth versions of {ISBA} give comparable results in terms of simulated latent heat flux because of the similar formulations of the water uptake and the stomatal resistance. {H}owever, {MEB} produces a better agreement with the observations of sensible heat flux than the previous version of {ISBA} for 87.5% of the simulated years across the 42 forested {FLUXNET} sites. {M}ost of this improvement arises owing to the improved simulation of the ground conduction flux, which is greatly improved using {MEB}, especially owing to the forest litter parameterization. {I}t is also shown that certain processes are also modeled more realistically (such as the partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration and ground evaporation), even if certain statistical performances are neutral. {T}he analyses demonstrate that the shading effect of the vegetation, the explicit treatment of turbulent transfer for the canopy and ground, and the insulating thermal and hydrological effects of the forest floor litter turn out to be essential for simulating the exchange of energy, water and matter across a large range of forest types and climates.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}eoscientific {M}odel {D}evelopment},
  volume = {10},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {1621--1644},
  ISSN = {1991-959{X}},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.5194/gmd-10-1621-2017},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010069982},
}