@article{fdi:010069645,
  title = {{I}s predominant clonal evolution a common evolutionary adaptation to parasitism in pathogenic parasitic protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses ?},
  author = {{T}ibayrenc, {M}ichel and {A}yala, {F}.{J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}e propose that predominant clonai evolution ({PCE}) in microbial pathogens be defined as restrained recombination on an evolutionary scale, with genetic exchange scarce enough to not break the prevalent pattern of clonai population structure. {T}he main features of {PCE} are (1) strong linkage disequilibrium, (2) the widespread occurrence of stable genetic clusters blurred by occasional bouts of genetic exchange ('near-clades'), (3) the existence of a "clonality threshold", beyond which recombinat1on is efficiently countered by {PCE}, and near-clades irreversibly diverge. {W}e hypothesize that the {PCE} features are not mainly due to natural selection but also chiefly originate from in-built genetic properties of pathogens. {W}e show that the {PCE} model obtains even in microbes that have been considered as 'highly recombining', such as {N}eisseria meningitidis, and that some clonality features are observed even in {P}lasmodium, which has been long described as panmictic {L}astly, we provide evidence that {PCE} features are also observed in viruses, taking into account their extremely fast genetic turnover. {T}he {PCE} mode! provides a convenient population genetic framework for any kind of micropathogen. lt makes it possible to describe convenient units of analysis (clones and near-clades) for ail applied studies. {D}ue to {PCE} features, these units of analysis are stable in space and time, and clearly delimited. {T}he {PCE} model opens up the possibility of revisiting the problem of species definition in these organisms. {W}e hypothesize that {PCE} constitutes a major evolutionary strategy for protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses to adapt to parasitism.},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}dvances in {P}arasitology},
  numero = {97},
  pages = {243--325},
  ISSN = {2163-6079},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.007},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010069645},
}