@article{fdi:010069404,
  title = {{B}lack carbon variability since preindustrial times in the eastern part of {E}urope reconstructed from {M}t. {E}lbrus, {C}aucasus, ice cores},
  author = {{L}im, {S}. and {F}ain, {X}. and {G}inot, {P}atrick and {M}ikhalenko, {V}. and {K}utuzov, {S}. and {P}aris, {J}. {D}. and {K}ozachek, {A}. and {L}aj, {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}lack carbon ({BC}), emitted by fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, is the second largest manmade contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide ({B}ond et al., 2013). {H}owever, limited information exists on its past emissions and atmospheric variability. {I}n this study, we present the first high-resolution record of refractory {BC} (r{BC}, including mass concentration and size) reconstructed from ice cores drilled at a high-altitude eastern {E}uropean site in {M}t. {E}lbrus ({ELB}), {C}aucasus (5115ma. s.l.). {T}he {ELB} ice core record, covering the period 1825-2013, reflects the atmospheric load of r{BC} particles at the {ELB} site transported from the {E}uropean continent with a larger r{BC} input from sources located in the eastern part of {E}urope. {I}n the first half of the 20th century, {E}uropean anthropogenic emissions resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the ice core r{BC} mass concentrations with respect to its level in the preindustrial era (before 1850). {T}he summer (winter) r{BC} mass concentrations increased 5-fold (3.3-fold) in 1960-1980, followed by a decrease until similar to 2000. {O}ver the last decade, the r{BC} signal for summertime slightly increased. {W}e have compared the signal with the atmospheric {BC} load simulated using past {BC} emissions ({ACCMIP} and {MACC}ity inventories) and taken into account the contribution of different geographical regions to r{BC} distribution and deposition at the {ELB} site. {I}nterestingly, the observed r{BC} variability in the {ELB} ice core record since the 1960s is not in perfect agreement with the simulated atmospheric {BC} load. {S}imilar features between the ice core r{BC} record and the best scenarios for the atmospheric {BC} load support anthropogenic {BC} increase in the 20th century being reflected in the {ELB} ice core record. {H}owever, the peak in {BC} mass concentration observed in similar to 1970 in the ice core is estimated to occur a decade later from past inventories. {BC} emission inventories for the period 1960s-1970s may be underestimating {E}uropean anthropogenic emissions. {F}urthermore, for summertime snow layers of the 2000s, the slightly increasing trend of r{BC} deposition likely reflects recent changes in anthropogenic and biomass burning {BC} emissions in the eastern part of {E}urope. {O}ur study highlights that the past changes in {BC} emissions of eastern {E}urope need to be considered in assessing ongoing air quality regulation.},
  keywords = {{RUSSIE} ; {CAUCASE} ; {ELBRUS} {MONT}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}tmospheric {C}hemistry and {P}hysics},
  volume = {17},
  numero = {5},
  pages = {3489--3505},
  ISSN = {1680-7316},
  year = {2017},
  DOI = {10.5194/acp-17-3489-2017},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010069404},
}