@article{fdi:010069208,
  title = {{S}chooling behaviour of small pelagic fish : phenotypic expression of independent stimuli},
  author = {{B}rehmer, {P}atrice and {G}erlotto, {F}ran{\c{c}}ois and {L}aurent, {C}harline and {C}otel, {P}ascal and {A}chury, {A}. and {S}amb, {B}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}e compared echo sounder measurements of fish schools on {V}enezuelan and {S}enegalese coastal shelves. {I}n both areas {S}ardinella aurita was the predominant aggregative species; the stocks are known to be genetically independent. {P}ersistent school typology is described by analysing 7 acoustic surveys in {V}enezuela and comparing with pioneer observations in {S}enegal. {T}he echo types encountered in both countries were comparable, with {S}. aurita and their associated species having comparable schooling behaviour. {S}chool morphology appears to be more related to species than to global characteristics of their ecosystems, as fish school descriptors were similar for both stocks. {N}evertheless, {S}. aurita may adopt different school morphologies. {D}ifferentiation between day and night fish schools was mainly due to morphological variables, as determined by fractal dimension. {E}cho types were different between day and night in both {V}enezuela and {S}enegal. {T}his analysis shows that several independent parameters can influence school morphology. {H}owever, although schooling behaviour is temporally highly variable, it shows several constant, typical 2{D} morphological structures, i.e. echo types. {T}he observation of small pelagic fish schools occurring during the night is not unusual according to the literature, although a strict diurnal schooling behaviour, with scattering during the night, is often reported. {S}chooling behaviour appears to be a phenotypic expression depending on biotic and abiotic stimuli, intrinsic characteristics and motivation.},
  keywords = {behaviour ; diel cycle ; echo type ; in situ observations ; phenotypic expression ; schooling ; small pelagic fish ; {VENEZUELA}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}arine {E}cology {P}rogress {S}eries},
  volume = {334},
  numero = {},
  pages = {263--272},
  ISSN = {0171-8630},
  year = {2007},
  DOI = {10.3354/meps334263},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010069208},
}