@article{fdi:010068748,
  title = {{S}eismic hazard in low slip rate crustal faults, estimating the characteristic event and the most hazardous zone : study case {S}an {R}amon {F}ault, in southern {A}ndes},
  author = {{E}stay, {N}. {P}. and {Y}anez, {G}. and {C}arretier, {S}{\'e}bastien and {L}ira, {E}. and {M}aringue, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}rustal faults located close to cities may induce catastrophic damages. {W}hen recurrence times are in the range of 1000-10000 or higher, actions to mitigate the effects of the associated earthquake are hampered by the lack of a full seismic record, and in many cases, also of geological evidences. {I}n order to characterize the fault behavior and its effects, we propose three different already-developed time-integration methodologies to define the most likely scenarios of rupture, and then to quantify the hazard with an empirical equation of peak ground acceleration ({PGA}). {W}e consider the following methodologies: (1) stream gradient and (2) sinuosity indexes to estimate fault-related topographic effects, and (3) gravity profiles across the fault to identify the fault scarp in the basement. {W}e chose the {S}an {R}amon {F}ault on which to apply these methodologies. {I}t is a similar to 30 km {N}-{S} trending fault with a low slip rate (0.1-0.5 mm yr(-1)) and an approximated recurrence of 9000 years. {I}t is located in the foothills of the {A}ndes near the large city of {S}antiago, the capital of {C}hile (> 6 000 000 inhabitants). {A}long the fault trace we define four segments, with a mean length of similar to 10 km, which probably become active independently. {W}e tested the present-day seismic activity by deploying a local seismological network for 1 year, finding five events that are spatially related to the fault. {I}n addition, fault geometry along the most evident scarp was imaged in terms of its electrical resistivity response by a high resolution {TEM} (transient electromagnetic) profile. {S}eismic event distribution and {TEM} imaging allowed the constraint of the fault dip angle (similar to 65 degrees) and its capacity to break into the surface. {U}sing the empirical equation of {C}hiou and {Y}oungs (2014) for crustal faults and considering the characteristic seismic event (thrust high-angle fault, similar to 10 km, {M}-w {D} 6.2-6.7), we estimate the acceleration distribution in {S}antiago and the hazardous zones. {C}ity domains that are under high risk include the hanging wall zone covered by sediments and narrow zones where the fault could break the surface. {O}ver these domains horizontal {PGA} can be greater than 0.5 g and eventually produce building collapse.},
  keywords = {{CHILI} ; {ANDES}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{N}atural {H}azards and {E}arth {S}ystem {S}ciences},
  volume = {16},
  numero = {12},
  pages = {2511--2528},
  ISSN = {1561-8633},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.5194/nhess-16-2511-2016},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010068748},
}