@article{fdi:010068099,
  title = {{E}vidence of the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in giant clams ({T}ridacna maxima) exposed to {G}ambierdiscus spp. cells [+ {C}orrigendum. - {H}armful {A}lgae.2017, vol. 63, p. 204]},
  author = {{R}ou{\'e}, {M}{\'e}lanie and {D}arius, {H}.{T}. and {P}icot, {S}. and {U}ng, {A}. and {V}iallon, {J}. and {G}aertner-{M}azouni, {N}abila and {S}ibat, {M}. and {A}mzil, {Z}. and {C}hinain, {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{C}iguatera {F}ish {P}oisoning ({CFP}) is a foodborne disease classically related to the consumption of tropical coral reef fishes contaminated with ciguatoxins ({CTX}s), neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the {G}ambierdiscus genus. {S}evere atypical ciguatera-like incidents involving giant,clams, a marine resource highly consumed in the {S}outh {P}acific, are also frequently reported in many {P}acific {I}slands {C}ountries and {T}erritories. {T}he present study was designed to assess the ability of giant clams to accumulate {CTX}s in their tissues and highlight the potential health risks associated with their consumption. {S}ince giant clams are likely to be exposed to both free-swimming {G}ambierdiscus cells and dissolved {CTX}s in natural environment, ex situ contamination experiments were conducted as follows: giant clams were exposed to live or lyzed cells of {TB}92, a highly toxic strain of {G}. polynesiensis containing 5.83 +/- 0.85 pg {P}-{CTX}-3{C} equiv. cell(-1) vs. {HIT}0, a weakly toxic strain of {G}. toxicus containing only (2.05 +/- 1.16) x 10(-3) pg {P}-{CTX}-3{C} equiv. cell-1, administered over a 48 h period at a concentration of 150 cells m{L}(-1). {T}he presence of {CTX}s in giant clams tissues was further assessed using the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay ({CBA}-{N}2a). {R}esults showed that giant clams exposed to either lyzed or live cells of {TB}92 were able to bioaccumulate {CTX}s at concentrations well above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, i.e. 3.28 +/- 137 and 2.92 +/- 1.03 ng {P}-{CTX}-3{C} equiv. g(-1) flesh (wet weight), respectively, which represented approximately 3% of the total toxin load administered to the animals. {I}n contrast, giant clams exposed to live or lyzed cells of {HIT}0 were found to be free of toxins, suggesting that in the nature, the risk of contamination of these bivalves is established only in the presence of highly toxic blooms of {G}ambierdiscus. {L}iquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ({LC}-{MS}/{MS}) analyses confirmed {CBA}-{N}2a results and also revealed that {P}-{CTX}-3{B} was the major {CTX} congener retained in the tissues of giant clams fed with {TB}92 cells. {T}o the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence of the bioaccumulation of {G}ambierdiscus {CTX}.s in giant clams and confirms that these bivalve molluscs can actually constitute another pathway in ciguatera poisonings. {W}hile most monitoring programs currently focus on fish toxicity, these findings stress the importance of a concomitant surveillance of these marine invertebrates in applicable locations for an accurate assessment of ciguatera risk.},
  keywords = {{G}iant clams ; {E}x situ contamination ; {C}iguatoxins ; {G}ambierdiscus polynesiensis ; {LC}-{MS}/{MS} ; {N}euroblastoma cell-based assay ; {PACIFIQUE} ; {POLYNESIE} {FRANCAISE} ; {TAHITI}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{H}armful {A}lgae},
  volume = {57},
  numero = {{A}},
  pages = {78--87 [+ corrigendum 2017, vol. 63, p. 204]},
  ISSN = {1568-9883},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.007},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010068099},
}