@article{fdi:010067945,
  title = {{U}nsustainable landscapes of deforested {A}mazonia : an analysis of the relationships among landscapes and the social, economic and environmental profiles of farms at different ages following deforestation},
  author = {{L}avelle, {P}atrick and {D}ol{\'e}dec, {S}. and {A}rnauld de {S}artre, {X}. and {D}eca{\¨e}ns, {T}. and {G}ond, {V}. and {G}rimaldi, {M}ichel and {O}szwald, {J}. and {H}ubert, {B}. and {R}amirez, {B}. and {V}eiga, {I}. and {S}ouza, {S}. de and {S}antos de {A}ssis, {W}. and {M}ichelotti, {F}. and {M}artins, {M}. and {F}eijoo, {A}. and {B}ommel, {P}. and {C}astañeda, {E}. and {C}hacon, {P}. and {D}esjardins, {T}hierry and {D}ubs, {F}lorence and {G}ordillo, {E}. and {G}uevara, {E}. and {F}onte, {S}. and {P}ilar {H}urtado, {M}. del and {L}ena, {P}. and {L}ima, {T}. and {M}arichal, {R}. and {M}itja, {D}anielle and {M}iranda, {I}. and {O}tero, {T}. and {P}raxedes, {C}. and {P}occard, {R}. and {R}obert, {P}ascale de and {R}odriguez, {G}. and {S}anabria, {C}. and {T}selouiko, {S}. and {V}elasquez, {A}. and {V}elasquez, {E}. and {V}elasquez, {J}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n {A}mazonia, our knowledge of the trade-offs and possible thresholds in the relationships among social, economic and environmental parameters remains quite limited and hinders the design of sustainable socio-environmental systems. {T}o fill this gap, we analyzed relationships among landscape metrics, socio-economic patterns, biodiversity and soil-based ecosystem services within a total of 51 farms located at 6 sites of the {C}olombian and {B}razilian {A}mazon. {F}arms were representative of an initial set of 274 and they represented colonization ages from 10 to 80 years and a range of public policies found in the region. {C}luster analysis separated farms in 7 types of production systems according to 5 main criteria (size of the farm, human capital, incomes, farm products and production intensity) selected from an initial set of 18 criteria. {B}iodiversity was summarized into a composite index {B}d built with data from 8 different groups: trees, shrubs, grasses and forbs, birds, {S}aturnidae and {S}phingidae moths, {D}rosophilidae, earthworms and ants. {P}rovision of ecosystem services was quantified by a composite indicator of 6 sub-indicators of soil hydrological functions, {C} storage and chemical fertility. {I}ncreasing intensity of production systems was linked to a significant decrease of indicators of natural capital biodiversity ({B}d) and soil based ecosystem services ({E}s) with 20% and 37.3% variance explained, respectively. {N}o relationship was observed between production systems and an indicator of human wellbeing ({S}b) based on a set of 5 criteria identified with the farmers. {F}indings indicate that early colonizers migrate when a certain level of development has been achieved (as a result of their activities) and are replaced by wealthier populations. {A}n overall indicator of sustainability ({S}u) - that combines production efficiency ({E}p), {S}b, {B}d and {E}s indices (ranging from 0.1-1.0) - decreases significantly with the landscape intensification ({L}i) with 18.7% variance directly explained by this relationship. {S}u was also significantly related to production systems (36.4% variance explained): while this indicator remained relatively stable with a value of 0.5 across the early and intermediate phases following deforestation, it dropped down considerably (0.2) for production systems based on cattle ranching on highly degraded pastures with less than 2% forest cover remaining. {R}estoration with sylvopastoral systems allowed some farms of this former group to increase sustainability to a value of 0.35 after less than 5 years. {A}groforestry systems on sites deforested at the same time maintained values around 0.5, as they allowed the maximum production efficiencies and maintained relatively high values of the {B}iodiversity ({B}d) and {E}cosystem services ({E}s) indexes. {T}his is evidence that beyond the general negative trade-off between human development and natural capital observed in {A}mazonia, agro ecological options to revert the trend are quite promising. {A} general methodological approach for the reconstruction of sustainable landscapes in farms of the deforested {A}mazonian region is proposed as a conclusion.},
  keywords = {{AMAZONIE} ; {BRESIL} ; {COLOMBIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}lobal {E}nvironmental {C}hange : {H}uman and {P}olicy {D}imensions},
  volume = {40},
  numero = {},
  pages = {137--155},
  ISSN = {0959-3780},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.009},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010067945},
}