The bacterium Tropheryma whipplei, which causes Whipple disease in humans, is commonly detected in the feces of persons in Africa. It is also associated with acute infections. We investigated the role of T whipplei in febrile patients from 2 rural villages in Senegal. During June 2010 March 2012, we collected whole-blood finger-prick samples from 786 febrile and 385 healthy villagers. T whipplei was detected in blood specimens from 36 (4.6%) of the 786 febrile patients and in 1 (0.25%) of the 385 apparently healthy persons. Of the 37 T whipplei cases, 26 (70.2%) were detected in August 2010. Familial cases and a potential new genotype were observed. The patients' symptoms were mainly headache (68.9%) and cough (36.1%). Our findings suggest that T whipplei is a cause of epidemic fever in Senegal.
