@article{fdi:010066959,
  title = {{D}evelopment and evaluation of {CNRM} {E}arth system model : {CNRM}-{ESM}1},
  author = {{S}{\'e}f{\'e}rian, {R}. and {D}elire, {C}. and {D}echarme, {B}. and {V}oldoire, {A}. and {M}elia, {D}. {S}. {Y}. and {C}hevallier, {M}. and {S}aint-{M}artin, {D}. and {A}umont, {O}livier and {C}alvet, {J}. {C}. and {C}arrer, {D}. and {D}ouville, {H}. and {F}ranchist{\'e}guy, {L}. and {J}oetzjer, {E}. and {S}{\'e}n{\'e}si, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}e document the first version of the {C}entre {N}ational de {R}echerches {M}eteorologiques {E}arth system model ({CNRM}-{ESM}1). {T}his model is based on the physical core of the {CNRM} climate model version 5 ({CNRM}-{CM}5) model and employs the {I}nteractions between {S}oil, {B}iosphere and {A}tmosphere ({ISBA}) and the {P}elagic {I}nteraction {S}cheme for {C}arbon and {E}cosystem {S}tudies ({PISCES}) as terrestrial and oceanic components of the global carbon cycle. {W}e describe a preindustrial and 20th century climate simulation following the {CMIP}5 protocol. {W}e detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers. {O}ver the 1986-2005 period, {CNRM}-{ESM}1 reproduces satisfactorily several aspects of the modern carbon cycle. {O}n land, the model captures the carbon cycling through vegetation and soil, resulting in a net terrestrial carbon sink of 2.2 {P}g {C} year(-1). {I}n the ocean, the large-scale distribution of hydrodynamical and biogeochemical tracers agrees with a modern climatology from the {W}orld {O}cean {A}tlas. {T}he combination of biological and physical processes induces a net {CO}2 uptake of 1.7 {P}g {C} year(-1) that falls within the range of recent estimates. {O}ur analysis shows that the atmospheric climate of {CNRM}-{ESM}1 compares well with that of {CNRM}-{CM}5. {B}iases in precipitation and shortwave radiation over the tropics generate errors in gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. {C}ompared to {CNRM}-{CM}5, the revised ocean-sea ice coupling has modified the sea-ice cover and ocean ventilation, unrealistically strengthening the flow of {N}orth {A}tlantic deep water (26.1 +/- 2 {S}v). {I}t results in an accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean.},
  keywords = {{MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}eoscientific {M}odel {D}evelopment},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {1423--1453},
  ISSN = {1991-959{X}},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.5194/gmd-9-1423-2016},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010066959},
}