@article{fdi:010066686,
  title = {{E}pidemiology of human leptospirosis in {M}alaysia, 2004-2012},
  author = {{B}enacer, {D}. and {T}hong, {K}. {L}. and {M}in, {N}. {C}. and {B}in {V}erasahib, {K}. and {G}alloway, {R}. {L}. and {H}artskeerl, {R}. {A}. and {S}ouris, {M}arc and {Z}ain, {S}. {N}. {M}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{L}eptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as {M}alaysia. {A} dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over the last decade; however, information on the epidemiological trends of this disease is lacking. {T}he objective of this study is to provide an epidemiological description of human leptospirosis cases over a 9-year period (2004-2012) and disease relationship with meteorological, geographical, and demographical information. {A} retrospective study was undertaken to describe the patterns of human leptospirosis cases and their association with intrinsic (sex, age, and ethnicity) and extrinsic (location, rainfall, and temperature) factors. {D}ata was grouped according to age, sex, ethnicity, seasonality and geographical distribution, and analyzed using statistical tools to understand the influence of all the different factors on disease incidence. {A} total of 12,325 cases of leptospirosis were reported between 2004 and 2012 with an upward trend in disease incidence, with the highest in 2012. {T}hree hundred thirty-eight deaths were reported with an overall case fatality rate of 2.74%, with higher incidence in males (9696; 78.7%) compared with female patients (2629; 21.3%), and overall male to female ratio of 3.69:1. {P}atients aged cohorts between 30-39 years old (16.22 per 100,000 population) had the highest disease incidence while the lowest incidence occurred between <1 to 9 years old (3.44 per 100,000 population). {T}he average incidence was highest amongst {M}alays (10.97 per 100,000 population), followed by {I}ndians (7.95 per 100,000 population). {S}tratification according to geographical distribution showed that the state of {M}alacca had the highest average disease incidence (11.12 per 100,000 population) followed by {P}ahang (10.08 per 100,000 population). {T}he states of {T}erengganu, {K}elantan, and {P}erak recorded similar rates of incidence (approximate to 8.00 per 100,000 population), while {J}ohor with the least number of reported cases (1.80 per 100,000 population). {P}ositive relationships were recorded between the number of reported cases with the number of raining days per month and monthly average temperature (p-value < 0.05). {H}owever, no significant association was noted between rainfall volume and number of reported {L}eptospirosis cases. {T}his collaborative efforts between medical, academic and governmental institutions has enabled the construction of this comprehensive database that is essential to understand the disease trends in {M}alaysia and add insights into the prevention and control of this disease.},
  keywords = {{L}eptospira ; {L}eptospirosis ; {O}utbreaks ; {Z}oonotic infectious disease ; {MALAISIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}cta {T}ropica},
  volume = {157},
  numero = {},
  pages = {162--168},
  ISSN = {0001-706{X}},
  year = {2016},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010066686},
}