@article{fdi:010066169,
  title = {{D}eterminants of visceral leishmaniasis : a case-control study in {G}edaref state, {S}udan},
  author = {{N}ackers, {F}. and {M}ueller, {Y}. {K}. and {S}alih, {N}. and {E}lhag, {M}. {S}. and {E}lbadawi, {M}. {E}. and {H}ammam, {O}. and {M}umina, {A}. and {A}tia, {A}. {A}. and {E}tard, {J}ean-{F}ran{\c{c}}ois and {R}itmeijer, {K}. and {C}happuis, {F}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground {I}mproving knowledge on local determinants of visceral leishmaniasis ({VL}) is crucial to guide the development of relevant control strategies. {T}his study aimed to identify individual and household level determinants of primary {VL} in 24 highly endemic villages of {T}abarak {A}llah hospital's catchment area, {G}edaref {S}tate, {S}udan. {M}ethods {F}rom {S}eptember 2012 to {J}uly 2013, in an unmatched case-control design, 198 patients with primary {VL} were compared to 801 controls free of {VL} symptoms and with a negative {VL} rapid test. {U}sing random spatial sampling, controls were selected with a distribution of age, sex and village of residence proportionate to the distribution of the target population. {D}ata were collected using a structured questionnaire. {R}esults {C}hildren and men were at higher risk of {VL}. {R}eporting {VL} patient(s) in the household in the previous year was the strongest {VL} risk factor. {I}n a multivariate analysis, {VL} risk increased with household size, sleep location (outside the yard, not in the farm), evening outdoor activities in the rainy season (playing, watching {TV}, radio listening), use of ground nut oil as animal repellent and of smoke of {A}cacia seyal as indoor repellent, presence of dogs in the yard at night, {A}cacia nilotica in the yard's immediate surroundings and of a forest at eye range. {VL} risk appeared to decrease with the use of drinking water sources other than the village water tank, a buffer distance from the adjacent house yard, and with the presence of animals other than dogs in the yard at night. {I}n contrast with previous studies, housing factors, mosquito-net use, black cotton soil, ethnicity, socioeconomic index, presence of {B}alanites aegyptica and {A}zadirachta indica in the yard were not independent {VL} determinants. {D}iscussion and conclusion {A}lthough these results do not provide evidence of causality, they provide useful suggestions for guiding further intervention studies on {VL} preventive measures.},
  keywords = {{SOUDAN}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}los {N}eglected {T}ropical {D}iseases},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {11},
  pages = {e0004187 [16 p.]},
  ISSN = {1935-2735},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004187},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010066169},
}