@article{fdi:010066154,
  title = {{G}lobal {C}arbon {B}udget 2015},
  author = {{L}e {Q}u{\'e}r{\'e}, {C}. and {M}oriarty, {R}. and {A}ndrew, {R}. {M}. and {C}anadell, {J}. {G}. and {S}itch, {S}. and {K}orsbakken, {J}. {I}. and {F}riedlingstein, {P}. and {P}eters, {G}. {P}. and {A}ndres, {R}. {J}. and {B}oden, {T}. {A}. and {H}oughton, {R}. {A}. and {H}ouse, {J}. {I}. and {K}eeling, {R}. {F}. and {T}ans, {P}. and {A}rneth, {A}. and {B}akker, {D}. {C}. {E}. and {B}arbero, {L}. and {B}opp, {L}. and {C}hang, {J}. and {C}hevallier, {F}. and {C}hini, {L}. {P}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {F}ader, {M}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {G}kritzalis, {T}. and {H}arris, {I}. and {H}auck, {J}. and {I}lyina, {T}. and {J}ain, {A}. {K}. and {K}ato, {E}. and {K}itidis, {V}. and {G}oldewijk, {K}. {K}. and {K}oven, {C}. and {L}andschutzer, {P}. and {L}auvset, {S}. {K}. and {L}ef{\`e}vre, {N}athalie and et al.,},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ccurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ({CO}2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. {H}ere we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. {W}e discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. {CO}2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry ({E}-{FF}) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ({E}-{LUC}), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth ({G}({ATM})) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. {T}he mean ocean {CO}2 sink ({S}-{OCEAN}) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. {T}he variability in {S}-{OCEAN} is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean {CO}2 measurements. {T}he global residual terrestrial {CO}2 sink ({S}-{LAND}) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, {CO}2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). {W}e compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. {A}ll uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. {F}or the last decade available (20052014), {E}-{FF} was 9.0 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1) {E}-{LUC} was 0.9 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {GATM} was 4.4 +/- 0.1 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.6 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S} {LAND} was 3.0 +/- 0.8 {G}t{C} yr(-1). {F}or the year 2014 alone, {E} {FF} grew to 9.8 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), 0.6% above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2% yr(-1) that took place during 2005-2014. {A}lso, for 2014, {E}-{LUC} was 1.1 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {G}({ATM}) was 3.9 +/- 0.2 {G}t{C} yr(-1), {S}-{OCEAN} was 2.9 +/- 0.5 {G}t{C} yr(-1), and {S}-{LAND} was 4.1 +/- 0.9 {G}t{C} yr(-1). {G}({ATM}) was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005-2014), reflecting a larger {S}-{LAND} for that year. {T}he global atmospheric {CO}2 concentration reached 397.15 +/- 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. {F}or 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in {E}-{FF} will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of 0.6 [ range of 1.6 to {C} 0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for {C}hina and the {USA}, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. {F}rom this projection of {E}-{FF} and assumed constant {E} {LUC} for 2015, cumulative emissions of {CO}2 will reach about 555 +/- 55 {G}t{C} (2035 +/- 205 {G}t{CO}(2)) for 1870-2015, about 75% from {E} {FF} and 25% from {E} {LUC}. {T}his living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set ({L}e {Q}uere et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). {A}ll observations presented here can be downloaded from the {C}arbon {D}ioxide {I}nformation {A}nalysis {C}enter (doi: 10.3334/{CDIAC}/{GCP}_2015).},
  keywords = {},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}arth {S}ystem {S}cience {D}ata},
  volume = {7},
  numero = {2},
  pages = {349--396},
  ISSN = {1866-3508},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.5194/essd-7-349-2015},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010066154},
}