@article{fdi:010066023,
  title = {{E}vidence for an ancestral association of human coronavirus 229{E} with bats},
  author = {{C}orman, {V}. {M}. and {B}aldwin, {H}. {J}. and {T}ateno, {A}. {F}. and {Z}erbinati, {R}. {M}. and {A}nnan, {A}. and {O}wusu, {M}. and {N}krumah, {E}. {E}. and {M}aganga, {G}. {D}. and {O}ppong, {S}. and {A}du-{S}arkodie, {Y}. and {V}allo, {P}. and da {S}ilva, {L}vrf and {L}eroy, {E}ric and {T}hiel, {V}. and van der {H}oek, {L}. and {P}oon, {L}. {L}. {M}. and {T}schapka, {M}. and {D}rosten, {C}. and {D}rexler, {J}. {F}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{W}e previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229{E} ({HC}o{V}-229{E}) exist in {A}frican bats. {T}he small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. {H}ere, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in {G}hana for {HC}o{V}-229{E}-related viruses by reverse transcription-{PCR} ({RT}-{PCR}). {O}nly hipposiderid bats tested positive. {T}o compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and {HC}o{V}-229{E}, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. {B}at viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than {HC}o{V}-229{E} in the {RNA}-dependent {RNA} polymerase ({R}d{R}p) and spike genes. {I}n phylogenetic analyses, {HC}o{V}-229{E} strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. {B}at viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. {A} recently described 229{E}-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. {A}ccording to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single {C}o{V} species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. {HC}o{V}-229{E} and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike {S}1 region compared to all bat viruses. {A}nalyses of four full genomes from 229{E}-related bat {C}o{V}s revealed an eighth open reading frame ({ORF}8) located at the genomic 3' end. {ORF}8 also existed in the 229{E}-related alpaca virus. {R}eanalysis of {HC}o{V}-229{E} sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this {ORF}, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229{E}-related {C}o{V} by humans. {T}hese data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229{E}-related {C}o{V}s in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of {HC}o{V}-229{E}. {IMPORTANCE} {T}he ancestral origins of major human coronaviruses ({HC}o{V}s) likely involve bat hosts. {H}ere, we provide conclusive genetic evidence for an evolutionary origin of the common cold virus {HC}o{V}-229{E} in hipposiderid bats by analyzing a large sample of {A}frican bats and characterizing several bat viruses on a full-genome level. {O}ur evolutionary analyses show that animal and human viruses are genetically closely related, can exchange genetic material, and form a single viral species. {W}e show that the putative host switches leading to the formation of {HC}o{V}-229{E} were accompanied by major genomic changes, including deletions in the viral spike glycoprotein gene and loss of an open reading frame. {W}e reanalyze a previously described genetically related alpaca virus and discuss the role of camelids as potential intermediate hosts between bat and human viruses. {T}he evolutionary history of {HC}o{V}-229{E} likely shares important characteristics with that of the recently emerged highly pathogenic {M}iddle {E}ast respiratory syndrome ({MERS}) coronavirus.},
  keywords = {{GHANA} ; {HONG} {KONG} ; {ALLEMAGNE} ; {PAYS} {BAS} ; {BRESIL}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{J}ournal of {V}irology},
  volume = {89},
  numero = {23},
  pages = {11858--11870},
  ISSN = {0022-538{X}},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.1128/jvi.01755-15},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010066023},
}