@article{fdi:010065351,
  title = {{E}ffect of nitrate, ammonium and urea on growth and pinnatoxin {G} production of {V}ulcanodinium rugosum},
  author = {{A}badie, {E}. and {K}aci, {L}. and {B}erteaux, {T}. and {H}ess, {P}. and {S}echet, {V}. and {M}asseret, {E}stelle and {R}olland, {J}. {L}. and {L}aabir, {M}ohamed},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{V}ulcanodinium rugosum, a recently described dinoflagellate species producing a potent neurotoxin (pinnatoxin {G}), has been identified in {F}rench {M}editerranean lagoons and was responsible for recurrent episodes of shellfish toxicity detected by mouse bioassay. {U}ntil now, the biology and physiology of {V}. rugosum have not been fully investigated. {W}e studied the growth characteristics and toxicity of a {V}. rugosum strain ({IFR}-{VRU}-01), isolated in the {I}ngril lagoon in {J}une 2009 ({N}orth-{W}estern {F}rench {M}editerranean {S}ea). {I}t was cultivated in {E}nriched {N}atural {S}ea {W}ater ({ENSW}) with organic (urea) and inorganic (ammonium and nitrate) nitrogen, at a temperature of 25 degrees {C} and irradiance of 100 mol/m(2)s(-1). {R}esults showed that ammonium was assimilated by cells more rapidly than nitrate and urea. {V}. rugosum is thus an osmotrophic species using urea. {C}onsequently, this nitrogen form could contribute to the growth of this dinoflagellate species in the natural environment. {T}here was no significant difference ({A}nova, p = 0.856) between the growth rate of {V}. rugosum cultivated with ammonium (0.28 +/- 0.11 day(-1)), urea (0.26 +/- 0.08 day(-1)) and nitrate (0.24 +/- 0.01 day(-1)). {H}owever, the production of chlorophyll a and pinnatoxin {G} was significantly lower with urea as a nitrogen source ({A}nova, p < 0.027), suggesting that nutritional conditions prevailing at the moment of the bloom could determine the cellular toxicity of {V}. rugosum and therefore the toxicity measured in contaminated mollusks. {T}he relatively low growth rate (0.28 day(-1)) and the capacity of this species to continuously produce temporary cysts could explain why cell densities of this species in the water column are typically low (20,000 cells/{L}).},
  keywords = {{V}ulcanodinium rugosum ; pinnatoxin {G} ; {I}ngril lagoon ; growth ; nitrogen ; source ; {MEDITERRANEE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}arine {D}rugs},
  volume = {13},
  numero = {9},
  pages = {5642--5656},
  ISSN = {1660-3397},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.3390/md13095642},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010065351},
}