@article{fdi:010065272,
  title = {{T}he greenhouse gas balance of {E}uropean grasslands},
  author = {{C}hang, {J}. {F}. and {C}iais, {P}. and {V}iovy, {N}. and {V}uichard, {N}. and {S}ultan, {B}enjamin and {S}oussana, {J}. {F}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he greenhouse gas ({GHG}) balance of {E}uropean grasslands ({EU}-28 plus {N}orway and {S}witzerland), including {CO}2, {CH}4 and {N}2{O}, is estimated using the new process-based biogeochemical model {ORCHIDEE}-{GM} over the period 1961-2010. {T}he model includes the following: (1) a mechanistic representation of the spatial distribution of management practice; (2) management intensity, going from intensively to extensively managed; (3) gridded simulation of the carbon balance at ecosystem and farm scale; and (4) gridded simulation of {N}2{O} and {CH}4 emissions by fertilized grassland soils and livestock. {T}he external drivers of the model are changing animal numbers, nitrogen fertilization and deposition, land-use change, and variable {CO}2 and climate. {T}he carbon balance of {E}uropean grassland ({NBP}) is estimated to be a net sink of 15 +/- 7g{C}m(-2)year(-1) during 1961-2010, equivalent to a 50-year continental cumulative soil carbon sequestration of 1.0 +/- 0.4{P}g{C}. {A}t the farm scale, which includes both ecosystem {CO}2 fluxes and {CO}2 emissions from the digestion of harvested forage, the net {C} balance is roughly halved, down to a small sink, or nearly neutral flux of 8g{C}m(-2)year(-1). {A}dding {CH}4 and {N}2{O} emissions to net ecosystem exchange to define the ecosystem-scale {GHG} balance, we found that grasslands remain a net {GHG} sink of 19 +/- 10g {C}-{CO}2 equiv. m(-2)year(-1), because the {CO}2 sink offsets {N}2{O} and grazing animal {CH}4 emissions. {H}owever, when considering the farm scale, the {GHG} balance ({NGB}) becomes a net {GHG} source of -50g{C}-{CO}2 equiv. m(-2)year(-1). {ORCHIDEE}-{GM} simulated an increase in {E}uropean grassland {NBP} during the last five decades. {T}his enhanced {NBP} reflects the combination of a positive trend of net primary production due to {CO}2, climate and nitrogen fertilization and the diminishing requirement for grass forage due to the {E}urope-wide reduction in livestock numbers.},
  keywords = {{E}uropean grassland ; grassland management ; greenhouse gases balance ; livestock ; {ORCHIDEE} ; {EUROPE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{G}lobal {C}hange {B}iology},
  volume = {21},
  numero = {10},
  pages = {3748--3761},
  ISSN = {1354-1013},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.1111/gcb.12998},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010065272},
}