@article{fdi:010064858,
  title = {{R}ainfall hotspots over the southern tropical {A}ndes : spatial distribution, rainfall intensity, and relations with large-scale atmospheric circulation},
  author = {{E}spinoza, {J}. {C}. and {C}havez, {S}. and {R}onchail, {J}. and {J}unquas, {C}l{\'e}mentine and {T}akahashi, {K}. and {L}avado, {W}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {A}ndes/{A}mazon transition is among the rainiest regions of the world and the interactions between large-scale circulation and the topography that determine its complex rainfall distribution remain poorly known. {T}his work provides an in-depth analysis of the spatial distribution, variability, and intensity of rainfall in the southern {A}ndes/{A}mazon transition, at seasonal and intraseasonal time scales. {T}he analysis is based on comprehensive daily rainfall data sets from meteorological stations in {P}eru and {B}olivia. {W}e compare our results with high-resolution rainfall {TRMM}-{PR} 2{A}25 estimations. {H}otspot regions are identified at low elevations in the {A}ndean foothills (400-700 masl) and in windward conditions at {Q}uincemil and {C}hipiriri, where more than 4000 mm rainfall per year are recorded. {O}rographic effects and exposure to easterly winds produce a strong annual rainfall gradient between the lowlands and the {A}ndes that can reach 190 mm/km. {A}lthough {TRMM}-{PR} reproduces the spatial distribution satisfactorily, it underestimates rainfall by 35% in the hotspot regions. {I}n the {P}eruvian hotspot, exceptional rainfall occurs during the austral dry season (around 1000 mm in {J}une-{J}uly-{A}ugust; {JJA}), but not in the {B}olivian hotspot. {T}he direction of the low-level winds over the {A}ndean foothills partly explains this difference in the seasonal rainfall cycle. {A}t intraseasonal scales in {JJA}, we found that, during northerly wind regimes, positive rainfall anomalies predominate over the lowland and the eastern flank of the {A}ndes, whereas less rain falls at higher altitudes. {O}n the other hand, during southerly regimes, rainfall anomalies are negative in the hotspot regions. {T}he influence of cross-equatorial winds is particularly clear below 2000 masl.},
  keywords = {{PEROU} ; {BOLIVIE} ; {ANDES} ; {AMAZONIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{W}ater {R}esources {R}esearch},
  volume = {51},
  numero = {5},
  pages = {3459--3475},
  ISSN = {0043-1397},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.1002/2014wr016273},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010064858},
}