@article{fdi:010064365,
  title = {{T}he (de)militarization of humanitarian aid : a historical perspective},
  author = {{P}{\'e}rouse de {M}ontclos, {M}arc-{A}ntoine},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{H}umanitarian workers often complain that international aid to victims of armed conflicts is more and more militarized because relief organizations are embedded into peacekeeping operations, used as a "force multiplier", or manipulated as an instrument of diplomacy by proxy. {H}istorically, however, charity has always been a military issue in times of war. {W}e can distinguish four types of militarization of relief organizations in this regard. {F}irst is the use of charities to make "war by proxy", as in {A}fghanistan or {N}icaragua in the 1980s. {T}he second pattern is "embedment", like the {R}ed {C}ross during the two world wars. {T}he third is "self-defense", as with the {O}rder of {S}aint {J}ohn of {J}erusalem (now {M}alta) in the 12th {C}entury. {T}he fourth, finally, is the model of "{I}nternational {B}rigades" alongside the {S}panish {R}epublicans in 1936 or various liberation movements in the 1970s. {I}n comparison, humanitarian aid today appears to be much less militarized. {H}owever, this perception also depends on the various definitions of the word "humanitarian".},
  keywords = {{MILITARISATION} ; {PAIX} ; {CONFLIT} {POLITIQUE} ; {DIPLOMATIE} ; {AIDE} {EXTERIEURE} ; {HISTOIRE} ; {AIDE} {HUMANITAIRE} ; {TRAVAILLEUR} {HUMANITAIRE} ; {ACTION} {HUMANITAIRE} ; {CONFLIT} {ARME} ; {PROTECTION} {PHYSIQUE} ; {CONVENTION} {DE} {GENEVE} ; {MONDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{H}umanities},
  volume = {3},
  numero = {},
  pages = {232--243},
  ISSN = {2076-0787},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.3390/h3020232},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010064365},
}