@article{fdi:010063986,
  title = {{A} {E}uropean epidemiological survey of {V}ibrio splendidus clade shows unexplored diversity and massive exchange of virulence factors},
  author = {{N}asfi, {H}. and {T}ravers, {M}. {A}. and de {L}orgeril, {J}. and {H}abib, {C}. and {S}annie, {T}. and {S}orieul, {L}. and {G}erard, {J}. and {A}varre, {J}ean-{C}hristophe and {H}affner, {P}. and {T}ourbiez, {D}. and {R}enault, {T}. and {F}urones, {D}. and {R}oque, {A}. and {P}ruzzo, {C}. and {C}heslett, {D}. and {G}doura, {R}. and {V}allaeys, {T}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {V}ibrio splendidus clade has previously been associated with epidemic outbreaks of various aquatic animals, as in the case of the cupped oyster, {C}rassostrea gigas. {T}o investigate whether involved strains could present a clonal origin and to identify possible alternative background carriage animals or zooplankton, a large epidemiological survey was conducted on isolates of the splendidus clade. {F}or this purpose, {V}ibrio strains were isolated from various samples including oysters, mussels, sediments, zooplankton, and sea water on the basis of a {N}orth/{S}outh gradient of the {E}uropean sea water zone ({I}reland, {T}he {N}etherlands, {F}rance, {I}taly, and {S}pain). {A} total of 435 isolates were successfully associated to the {V}. splendidus clade using real time polymerase chain reaction with 16{S} specific primers and probes. {A} multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis ({VNTR}) was conducted on all isolates based on a multiplex {PCR}-{VNTR} with a set of primer pairs designed from the {V}. tasmaniensis {LGP}32 genome. {P}reliminary validation of the primers on a set of collection strains from the {V}. splendidus clade confirmed that the former {V}. splendidus-related {LGP}32 and relative strains were related to {V}. tasmaniensis rather than to the type strain {V}. splendidus {LMG} 4042. {T}he {VNTR} analysis was then successfully conducted on 335 isolates which led to the characterization of 87 different profiles. {O}ur results showed that (1) the high diversity of {VNTR} did not enlighten significant correlation between a specific pattern and the origin of collected samples. {H}owever, populations isolated from animal samples tend to differ from those of the background environment; (2) oyster mortality events could not be linked to the clonal proliferation of a particular {VNTR} type. {H}owever, few different patterns seemed successively associated with samples collected during peaks of oyster's mortality. (3) {F}inally, no correlation could be seen between specific {VNTR} patterns and sequence phylogeny of the virulence factors vsm and omp{U} that were detected among strains isolated during as well as outside mortality events. {T}hese results, combined with incongruence observed between the omp{U} and vsm phylogenetic trees, suggested both large diffusion of strains and massive lateral gene transfer within the {V}. splendidus clade.},
  keywords = {{VNTR} ; {V}ibrio splendidus ; {E}pidemiology ; vsm ; omp{U} ; {C}rassotrea giga ; {M}ortality ; {EUROPE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{W}orld {J}ournal of {M}icrobiology and {B}iotechnology},
  volume = {31},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {461--475},
  ISSN = {0959-3993},
  year = {2015},
  DOI = {10.1007/s11274-015-1800-y},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010063986},
}