@article{fdi:010063670,
  title = {{G}lacier topography and elevation changes derived from {P}leiades sub-meter stereo images},
  author = {{B}erthier, {E}. and {V}incent, {C}. and {M}agnusson, {E}. and {G}unnlaugsson, {A}. {T}. and {P}itte, {P}. and {L}e {M}eur, {E}. and {M}asiokas, {M}. and {R}uiz, {L}. and {P}alsson, {F}. and {B}elart, {J}. {M}. {C}. and {W}agnon, {P}atrick},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{I}n response to climate change, most glaciers are losing mass and hence contribute to sea-level rise. {R}epeated and accurate mapping of their surface topography is required to estimate their mass balance and to extrapolate/calibrate sparse field glaciological measurements. {I}n this study we evaluate the potential of sub-meter stereo imagery from the recently launched {P}leiades satellites to derive digital elevation models ({DEM}s) of glaciers and their elevation changes. {O}ur five evaluation sites, where nearly simultaneous field measurements were collected, are located in {I}celand, the {E}uropean {A}lps, the central {A}ndes, {N}epal and {A}ntarctica. {F}or {I}celand, the {P}leiades {DEM} is also compared to a lidar {DEM}. {T}he vertical biases of the {P}leiades {DEM}s are less than 1m if ground control points ({GCP}s) are used, but reach up to 7m without {GCP}s. {E}ven without {GCP}s, vertical biases can be reduced to a few decimetres by horizontal and vertical co-registration of the {DEM}s to reference altimetric data on ice-free terrain. {A}round these biases, the vertical precision of the {P}leiades {DEM}s is +/- 1m and even +/- 0.5m on the flat glacier tongues (1 sigma confidence level). {S}imilar precision levels are obtained in the accumulation areas of glaciers and in {A}ntarctica. {W}e also demonstrate the high potential of {P}leiades {DEM}s for measuring seasonal, annual and multi-annual elevation changes with an accuracy of 1m or better if cloud-free images are available. {T}he negative region-wide mass balances of glaciers in the {M}ont-{B}lanc area (-1.04 +/- 0.23 ma(-1) water equivalent, w.e.) are revealed by differencing {S}atellite pour l'{O}bservation de la {T}erre 5 ({SPOT} 5) and {P}leiades {DEM}s acquired in {A}ugust 2003 and 2012, confirming the accelerated glacial wastage in the {E}uropean {A}lps.},
  keywords = {{ARGENTINE} ; {ANDES} ; {ANTARCTIQUE} ; {TERRE} {ADELIE} ; {NEPAL} ; {HIMALAYA} ; {ISLANDE} ; {EUROPE} ; {ALPES}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{C}ryosphere},
  volume = {8},
  numero = {6},
  pages = {2275--2291},
  ISSN = {1994-0416},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.5194/tc-8-2275-2014},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010063670},
}