@article{fdi:010062355,
  title = {{E}volution of the {S}outhern {A}nnular {M}ode during the past millennium},
  author = {{A}bram, {N}. {J}. and {M}ulvaney, {R}. and {V}imeux, {F}ran{\c{c}}oise and {P}hipps, {S}. {J}. and {T}urner, {J}. and {E}ngland, {M}. {H}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he {S}outhern {A}nnular {M}ode ({SAM}) is the primary pattern of climate variability in the {S}outhern {H}emisphere(1,2), influencing latitudinal rainfall distribution and temperatures from the subtropics to {A}ntarctica. {T}he positive summer trend in the {SAM} over recent decades is widely attributed to stratospheric ozone depletion(2); however, the brevity of observational records from {A}ntarctica(1)-one of the core zones that defines {SAM} variability-limits our understanding of long-term {SAM} behaviour. {H}ere we reconstruct annual mean changes in the {SAM} since {AD} 1000 using, for the first time, proxy records that encompass the full mid-latitude to polar domain across the {D}rake {P}assage sector. {W}e find that the {SAM} has undergone a progressive shift towards its positive phase since the fifteenth century, causing cooling of the main {A}ntarctic continent at the same time that the {A}ntarctic {P}eninsula has warmed. {T}he positive trend in the {SAM} since similar to {AD} 1940 is reproduced by multimodel climate simulations forced with rising greenhouse gas levels and later ozone depletion, and the long-term average {SAM} index is now at its highest level for at least the past 1,000 years. {R}econstructed {SAM} trends before the twentieth century are more prominent than those in radiative-forcing climate experiments and may be associated with a teleconnected response to tropical {P}acific climate. {O}ur findings imply that predictions of further greenhouse-driven increases in the {SAM} over the coming century(3) also need to account for the possibility of opposing effects from tropical {P}acific climate changes.},
  keywords = {{ANTARCTIQUE} ; {PACIFIQUE} {SUD}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{N}ature {C}limate {C}hange},
  volume = {4},
  numero = {7},
  pages = {564--569},
  ISSN = {1758-678{X}},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1038/nclimate2235},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010062355},
}