@article{fdi:010062261,
  title = {{M}ajor trends in stem anatomy and growth forms in the perianth-bearing {P}iperales, with special focus on {A}ristolochia},
  author = {{W}agner, {S}. {T}. and {H}esse, {L}. and {I}snard, {S}andrine and {S}amain, {M}. {S}. and {B}olin, {J}. and {M}aass, {E}. and {N}einhuis, {C}. and {R}owe, {N}. {P}. and {W}anke, {S}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground and {A}ims {T}he order {P}iperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. {H}owever, within the perianth-bearing {P}iperales ({A}sarum, {S}aruma, {L}actoris, {H}ydnora, {P}rosopanche, {T}hottea and {A}ristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus {A}ristolochia. {T}his study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes. {M}ethods {T}ransverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of {A}sarum, {S}aruma, {L}actoris, {H}ydnora, {T}hottea and {A}ristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. {B}iomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. {G}rowth form evolution of the perianth-bearing {P}iperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using {MESQUITE}. {K}ey {R}esults {W}hile species of {A}sarum and {S}aruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. {T}his growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. {T}he ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing {P}iperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. {A}ccordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of {A}ristolochia. {C}onclusions {S}ince the ancestor of the perianth-bearing {P}iperales has been reconstructed with a herb-or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of {A}ristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. {O}bserved anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in {L}actoris, {T}hottea and {A}ristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing {P}iperales. {I}n addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic {H}ydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.},
  keywords = {{A}ristolochia ; {T}hottea ; {L}actoris ; {H}ydnora ; {A}sarum ; {S}aruma ; growth form ; anatomy ; biomechanics ; secondary woodiness ; heterochrony ; perianth-bearing {P}iperales},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}nnals of {B}otany},
  volume = {113},
  numero = {7},
  pages = {1139--1154},
  ISSN = {0305-7364},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1093/aob/mcu044},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010062261},
}