@article{fdi:010061929,
  title = {{A}ir-sea {CO}2 flux in the {P}acific {O}cean for the period 1990-2009},
  author = {{I}shii, {M}. and {F}eely, {R}. {A}. and {R}odgers, {K}. {B}. and {P}ark, {G}. {H}. and {W}anninkhof, {R}. and {S}asano, {D}. and {S}ugimoto, {H}. and {C}osca, {C}. {E}. and {N}akaoka, {S}. and {T}elszewski, {M}. and {N}ojiri, {Y}. and {F}letcher, {S}. {E}. {M}. and {N}iwa, {Y}. and {P}atra, {P}. {K}. and {V}alsala, {V}. and {N}akano, {H}. and {L}ima, {I}. and {D}oney, {S}. {C}. and {B}uitenhuis, {E}. {T}. and {A}umont, {O}livier and {D}unne, {J}. {P}. and {L}enton, {A}. and {T}akahashi, {T}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{A}ir-sea {CO}2 fluxes over the {P}acific {O}cean are known to be characterized by coherent large-scale structures that reflect not only ocean subduction and upwelling patterns, but also the combined effects of wind-driven gas exchange and biology. {O}n the largest scales, a large net {CO}2 influx into the extratropics is associated with a robust seasonal cycle, and a large net {CO}2 efflux from the tropics is associated with substantial interannual variability. {I}n this work, we have synthesized estimates of the net air-sea {CO}2 flux from a variety of products, drawing upon a variety of approaches in three sub-basins of the {P}acific {O}cean, i. e., the {N}orth {P}acific extratropics (18-66 degrees {N}), the tropical {P}acific (18 degrees {S}-18 degrees {N}), and the {S}outh {P}acific extratropics (44.5-18 degrees {S}). {T}hese approaches include those based on the measurements of {CO}2 partial pressure in surface seawater (p{CO}(2)sw), inversions of ocean-interior {CO}2 data, forward ocean biogeochemistry models embedded in the ocean general circulation models ({OBGCM}s), a model with assimilation of p{CO}(2)sw data, and inversions of atmospheric {CO}2 measurements. {L}ong-term means, interannual variations and mean seasonal variations of the regionally integrated fluxes were compared in each of the sub-basins over the last two decades, spanning the period from 1990 through 2009. {A} simple average of the long-term mean fluxes obtained with surface water p{CO}(2) diagnostics and those obtained with ocean-interior {CO}2 inversions are -0.47 +/- 0.13 {P}g {C}yr(-1) in the {N}orth {P}acific extratropics, +/- 0.44 +/- 0.14 {P}g {C}yr(-1) in the tropical {P}acific, and -0.37 +/- 0.08 {P}g {C} yr(-1) in the {S}outh {P}acific extratropics, where positive fluxes are into the atmosphere. {T}his suggests that approximately half of the {CO}2 taken up over the {N}orth and {S}outh {P}acific extratropics is released back to the atmosphere from the tropical {P}acific. {T}hese estimates of the regional fluxes are also supported by the estimates from {OBGCM}s after adding the riverine {CO}2 flux, i.e., -0.49 +/- 0.02 {P}g {C}yr(-1) in the {N}orth {P}acific extratropics, +0.41 +/- 0.05 {P}g {C}yr(-1) in the tropical {P}acific, and -0.39 +/- 0.11 {P}g {C}yr(-1) in the {S}outh {P}acific extratropics. {T}he estimates from the atmospheric {CO}2 inversions show large variations amongst different inversion systems, but their median fluxes are consistent with the estimates from climatological p{CO}(2)sw data and p{CO}(2)sw diagnostics. {I}n the {S}outh {P}acific extratropics, where {CO}2 variations in the surface and ocean interior are severely undersampled, the difference in the air-sea {CO}2 flux estimates between the diagnostic models and ocean-interior {CO}2 inversions is larger (0.18 {P}g {C}yr(-1)). {T}he range of estimates from forward {OBGCM}s is also large (-0.19 to -0.72 {P}g {C}yr(-1)). {R}egarding interannual variability of air-sea {CO}2 fluxes, positive and negative anomalies are evident in the tropical {P}acific during the cold and warm events of the {E}l {N}ino-{S}outhern {O}scillation in the estimates from p{CO}(2)sw diagnostic models and from {OBGCM}s. {T}hey are consistent in phase with the {S}outhern {O}scillation {I}ndex, but the peak-to-peak amplitudes tend to be higher in {OBGCM}s (0.40 +/- 0.09 {P}g {C}yr(-1)) than in the diagnostic models (0.27 +/- 0.07 {P}g {C}yr(-1)).},
  keywords = {{PACIFIQUE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{B}iogeosciences},
  volume = {11},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {709--734},
  ISSN = {1726-4170},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.5194/bg-11-709-2014},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061929},
}