@article{fdi:010061927,
  title = {{M}ultigene phylogenetics reveals temporal diversification of major {A}frican malaria vectors},
  author = {{K}amali, {M}. and {M}arek, {P}. {E}. and {P}eery, {A}. and {A}ntonio-{N}kondjio, {C}. and {N}do, {C}. and {T}u, {Z}. {J}. and {S}imard, {F}r{\'e}d{\'e}ric and {S}harakhov, {I}. {V}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{T}he major vectors of malaria in sub-{S}aharan {A}frica belong to subgenus {C}ellia. {Y}et, phylogenetic relationships and temporal diversification among {A}frican mosquito species have not been unambiguously determined. {K}nowledge about vector evolutionary history is crucial for correct interpretation of genetic changes identified through comparative genomics analyses. {I}n this study, we estimated a molecular phylogeny using 49 gene sequences for the {A}frican malaria vectors {A}n. gambiae, {A}n. funestus, {A}n. nili, the {A}sian malaria mosquito {A}n. stephensi, and the outgroup species {C}ulex quinquefasciatus and {A}edes aegypti. {T}o infer the phylogeny, we identified orthologous sequences uniformly distributed approximately every 5 {M}b in the five chromosomal arms. {T}he sequences were aligned and the phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining methods. {B}ayesian molecular dating using a relaxed log normal model was used to infer divergence times. {T}rees from individual genes agreed with each other, placing {A}n. nili as a basal clade that diversified from the studied malaria mosquito species 47.6 million years ago (mya). {O}ther {A}frican malaria vectors originated more recently, and independently acquired traits related to vectorial capacity. {T}he lineage leading to {A}n. gambiae diverged 30.4 mya, while the {A}frican vector {A}n. funestus and the {A}sian vector {A}n. stephensi were the most closely related sister taxa that split 20.8 mya. {T}hese results were supported by consistently high bootstrap values in concatenated phylogenetic trees generated individually for each chromosomal arm. {G}enome-wide multigene phylogenetic analysis is a useful approach for discerning historic relationships among malaria vectors, providing a framework for the correct interpretation of genomic changes across species, and comprehending the evolutionary origins of this ubiquitous and deadly insect-borne disease.},
  keywords = {{AFRIQUE} {SUBSAHARIENNE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}los {O}ne},
  volume = {9},
  numero = {4},
  pages = {e93580},
  ISSN = {1932-6203},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0093580},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061927},
}