@article{fdi:010061876,
  title = {{I}ncidence, correlates, and origins of dioecy in the {I}sland {F}lora of {N}ew {C}aledonia},
  author = {{S}chlessman, {M}. {A}. and {V}ary, {L}. {B}. and {M}unzinger, {J}{\'e}r{\^o}me and {L}owry, {P}. {P}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{P}remise of research. {B}ecause it is an inherently risky sexual system, dioecy is globally rare. {A}ttempts to explain unusually high incidences of dioecy on certain islands have generated a considerable literature on the relationships among dioecy, its ecological correlates, establishment after transoceanic dispersal, and postdispersal speciation. {N}evertheless, few studies of dioecy on islands have included considerations of the origins and maintenance of dioecy on islands along with determinations of its incidence. {M}ethodology. {W}e used the literature, herbarium specimens, and fieldwork to determine the incidence of dioecy in the native angiosperm flora of {N}ew {C}aledonia. {W}e inferred the number and characteristics of colonists needed to account for the extant dioecious flora. {W}e made traditional species-based numerical assessments of associations between dioecy on {N}ew {C}aledonia and woodiness, plain flowers, fleshy fruit, habitat, and endemism, and we constructed a phylogenetic tree for {N}ew {C}aledonia's native angiosperms to investigate correlated evolution of dioecy and those associated traits. {P}ivotal results. {T}his study is the first comprehensive survey of sexual systems for the flora of {N}ew {C}aledonia. {O}ne-fifth of {N}ew {C}aledonia's native angiosperms are dioecious. {D}ioecy is numerically overrepresented among species that are woody, have plain flowers, have fleshy fruit, occur in rainforest, or are endemic. {H}owever, we found strong evidence for correlated evolution only for dioecy and woodiness, plain flowers, and fleshy fruit. {D}ioecious groups with more of the widely accepted morphological correlates of dioecy tend to be more speciose. {A}pproximately 90% of the colonists that gave rise to the extant dioecious flora were themselves dioecious. {A}pproximately 60% of the colonists have two or more dioecious descendants, and those descendants comprise more than 90% of the extant dioecious species. {C}onclusions. {S}uccessful dispersal and establishment of already dioecious colonists and autochthonous speciation of dioecious lineages are primarily responsible for the high incidence of dioecy on {N}ew {C}aledonia. {T}here were relatively few postdispersal transitions to dioecy. {T}he associations of dioecy with woodiness, plain flowers, and fleshy fruit result from correlated evolution that occurred prior to dispersal to {N}ew {C}aledonia, while the associations of dioecy with rainforest habitat and endemism appear to result from autochthonous speciation of dioecious lineages. {W}ith similar to similar to 4% of the world's dioecious species occurring only there, {N}ew {C}aledonia should be a rich source of new information on the evolutionary ecology of dioecy. {R}ealization of this potential will require both further study and concerted efforts to preserve the native flora.},
  keywords = {{N}ew {C}aledonia ; {B}aker's law ; island floras ; dioecy ; {NOUVELLE} {CALEDONIE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{I}nternational {J}ournal of {P}lant {S}ciences},
  volume = {175},
  numero = {3},
  pages = {271--286},
  ISSN = {1058-5893},
  year = {2014},
  DOI = {10.1086/674452},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061876},
}