@article{fdi:010061334,
  title = {{I}s parasitoid virulence against multiple hosts adaptive or constrained by phylogeny ? {A} study of {L}eptopilina spp. ({H}ymenoptera: {F}igitidae)/{D}rosophila ({D}iptera: {D}rosophilidae) interactions},
  author = {{D}upas, {S}t{\'e}phane and {P}oiri{\'e}, {M}. and {F}rey, {F}. and {C}arton, {Y}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ome insects can develop immune resistance to koinobiont parasitoids. {R}eciprocally, adaptation to host immunology is critical for parasitoid success. {P}hylogenetic inertia and correlations between virulence against different hosts can act as constraints preventing these adaptations. {I}nsights on these constraints may be obtained from the analysis of patterns of variations in the interactions at the species or genus level. {M}ultivariate phylogenetic comparative methods were applied to virulence traits of 13 parasitoid strains of {L}eptopilina spp. ({H}ymenoptera: {F}igitidae) on five host strains of the {D}rosophila melanogaster species subgroup ({D}iptera {D}rosophilidae). {I}ndependent contrasts of virulence were calculated and principal component analysis ({PCA}) was performed on the independent contrasts to estimate the dimensionality of the interactions. {M}ost of the variation of virulence was associated with the first component of the {PCA} (62.2%). {B}ut a significant proportion was explained by the second and third components, suggesting specific interactions. {S}train-strain reciprocal specificity was observed in several pairs of host-parasitoid species. {S}ignificant phylogenetic inertia was observed on parasitoid virulence, but only at the genus level and only against hosts of intermediate resistance (phylogenetic {R}-2 between 0.62 and 0.85). {S}ome parts of the interaction matrix exhibited specific interactions and others were fixed due to ancestral non-specific virulence (or avirulence). {T}he results were interpreted viewing virulence as a threshold trait determined by underlying liability. {W}hen liability is far from the threshold, virulence is fixed. {W}hen liability is close to the threshold, virulence varies specifically and reciprocal adaptations can take place. {T}hese phylogenetic constraints may lead to a scenario of escape and radiation coevolution in the host-parasitoid system. {C}ertains insectes d{\'e}veloppent des r{\'e}actions immunitaires contre les parasito{\¨ie}des koinobiontes.},
  keywords = {host-parasite interaction ; phylogenetic inertia ; {D}rosophila melanogaster ; encapsulation ; virulence ; phylogenetic constraints},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{A}nnales de la {S}oci{\'e}t{\'e} {E}ntomologique de {F}rance},
  volume = {49},
  numero = {2},
  pages = {222--231},
  ISSN = {0037-9271},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1080/00379271.2013.815045},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061334},
}