@article{fdi:010061196,
  title = {{D}ifferences in timing of mating swarms in sympatric populations of {A}nopheles coluzzii and {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. (formerly {A}n. gambiae {M} and {S} molecular forms) in {B}urkina {F}aso, {W}est {A}frica},
  author = {{S}awadogo, {S}. {P}. and {C}ostantini, {C}arlo and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric and {D}iabat{\'e}, {A}. and {G}ibson, {G}. and {D}abir{\'e}, {R}. {K}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {T}he {M} and {S} molecular forms of {A}nopheles gambiae s.s. {G}iles appear to have speciated in {W}est {A}frica and the {M} form is now formally named {A}n. coluzzii {C}oetzee & {W}ilkerson sp.n. and the {S} form retains the nominotypical name (abbreviated here to {A}n. gambiae). {R}eproductive isolation is thought to be the main barrier to hybridisation; even though both species are found in the same mating swarms, hybrid fertilisations in copulae have not been found in the study area. {T}he aim of the study, therefore, was to determine whether differences in circadian and/or environmental control over the timing of swarming in the two species contribute to reproductive isolation. {M}ethods: {T}he timing of male swarming in these species was recorded four nights per month over four years at five swarming sites in each of two villages. {T}he timing of the start and end of swarming, and the concurrent environmental parameters, temperature, humidity and light intensity, were recorded for n = 20 swarms/month/species. {T}he timing of 'spontaneous' activity at dusk of individual {A}n. coluzzii and {A}n. gambiae males was video-recorded in an actograph outdoors for 21 nights. {R}esults: {O}f the environmental parameters considered, swarming was most strongly correlated with sunset (r(2) > 0.946). {A}nopheles gambiae started and stopped swarming earlier than {A}n. coluzzii (3:35 +/- 0:68 min:sec and 4:51 +/- 1:21, respectively), and the mean duration of swarming was 23:37 +/- 0:33 for {A}n. gambiae and 21:39 +/- 0:33 for {A}n. coluzzii. {A}ccordingly, in principle, whenever both species swarm over the same marker, a mean of 15.3 +/- 3.1% of {A}n. gambiae swarming would occur before {A}n. coluzzii males arrived, and 19.5 +/- 4.55% of {A}n. coluzzii swarming would occurred after {A}n. gambiae males had stopped swarming. {T}hese results are consistent with the finding that {A}n. gambiae males became active in the actograph 09:35 +/- 00:22 min:sec earlier than {A}n. coluzzii males. {C}onclusions: {T}he timing of swarming and spontaneous activity at dusk are primarily under circadian control, with the phase linked closely to sunset throughout the year. {T}he mating activity of these two species is temporally segregated for 15-20% of the swarming period, which may contribute to the observed reproductive isolation of these species in local sympatric populations.},
  keywords = {{A}ctivity rhythms ; {A}ctographs ; {A}llochronic speciation ; {B}ehaviour ; {C}ircadian rhythms ; {E}nvironmental factors ; {M}ating swarms ; {R}eproductive ; isolation ; {A}nopheles coluzzii ; {A}nopheles gambiae s.s ; {BURKINA} {FASO}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{P}arasites and {V}ectors},
  volume = {6},
  numero = {},
  pages = {275 [14 ]},
  ISSN = {1756-3305},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1186/1756-3305-6-275},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061196},
}