@article{fdi:010060539,
  title = {{C}haracterization of groundwater chemistry under the influence of lithologic and anthropogenic factors along a climatic gradient in {U}pper {C}auvery basin, {S}outh {I}ndia},
  author = {{S}oumya, {B}. {S}. and {S}ekhar, {M}. and {R}iotte, {J}ean and {B}anerjee, {A}. and {B}raun, {J}ean-{J}acques},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{H}ydrogeological and climatic effect on chemical behavior of groundwater along a climatic gradient is studied along a river basin. '{S}emi-arid' (500-800 mm of mean annual rainfall), 'sub-humid' (800-1,200 mm/year) and 'humid' (1,200-1,500 mm/year) are the climatic zones chosen along the granito-gneissic plains of {K}abini basin in {S}outh {I}ndia for the present analysis. {D}ata on groundwater chemistry is initially checked for its quality using {NICB} ratio (<+/- 5 %), {EC} versus {TZ}+ (similar to 0.85 correlation), {EC} versus {TDS} and {EC} versus {TH} analysis. {G}roundwater in the three climatic zones is 'hard' to 'very hard' in terms of {C}a-{M}g hardness. {P}olluted wells are identified (> 40 % of pollution) and eliminated for the characterization. {P}iper's diagram with mean concentrations indicates the evolution of {C}a{N}a{HCO}3 (semi-arid) from {C}a{HCO}3 (humid zone) along the climatic gradient. {C}arbonates dominate other anions and strong acids exceeded weak acids in the region. {M}ule {H}ole {SEW}, an experimental watershed in sub-humid zone, is characterized initially using hydrogeochemistry and is observed to be a replica of entire sub-humid zone (with 25 wells). {E}xtension of the studies for the entire basin (120 wells) showed a chemical gradient along the climatic gradient with sub-humid zone bridging semi-arid and humid zones. {C}a/{N}a molar ratio varies by more than 100 times from semi-arid to humid zones. {S}emi-arid zone is more silicaceous than sub-humid while humid zone is more carbonaceous ({C}a/{C}l similar to 14). {A}long the climatic gradient, groundwater is undersaturated (humid), saturated (sub-humid) and slightly supersaturated (semi-arid) with calcite and dolomite. {C}oncentration-depth profiles are in support of the geological stratification i.e., not approximate to 18 m of saprolite and similar to 25 m of fracture rock with parent gneiss beneath. {A}ll the wells are classified into four groups based on groundwater fluctuations and further into 'deep' and 'shallow' based on the depth to groundwater. {H}igher the fluctuations, larger is its impact on groundwater chemistry. {A}ctual seasonal patterns are identified using 'recharge-discharge' concept based on rainfall intensity instead of traditional monsoon-non-monsoon concept. {N}on-pumped wells have low {N}a/{C}l and {C}a/{C}l ratios in recharge period than in discharge period ({D}ilution). {F}ew other wells, which are subjected to pumping, still exhibit dilution chemistry though water level fluctuations are high due to annual recharge. {O}ther wells which do not receive sufficient rainfall and are constantly pumped showed high concentrations in recharge period rather than in discharge period ({A}nti-dilution). {I}n summary, recharge-discharge concept demarcates the pumped wells from natural deep wells thus, characterizing the basin.},
  keywords = {{G}roundwater ; {H}ydrochemistry ; {R}echarge-discharge ; {S}ilicate-carbonate weathering ; {P}umping ; {INDE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{E}nvironmental {E}arth {S}ciences},
  volume = {69},
  numero = {7},
  pages = {2311--2335},
  ISSN = {1866-6280},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1007/s12665-012-2060-x},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010060539},
}