@article{fdi:010060419,
  title = {{S}urface vertical {PV} fluxes and subtropical mode water formation in an eddy-resolving numerical simulation},
  author = {{M}aze, {G}. and {D}eshayes, {J}ulie and {M}arshall, {J}. and {T}reguier, {A}. {M}. and {C}hronis, {A}. and {V}ollmer, {L}.},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{S}ubtropical mode waters are characterized by low potential vorticity ({PV}) and so the mechanisms by which {PV} is extracted from the ocean by air-sea interaction are of great relevance to our understanding of how mode waters are formed. {T}his study analyzes those mechanisms by comparing the magnitude and spatial patterns of surface {PV} fluxes of diabatic and frictional origin in a high resolution numerical simulation of the {N}orth {A}tlantic. {T}he model resolves mesoscale eddies and exhibits realism in the volume and regional distribution of subtropical mode water, both in the annual-mean and seasonal cycle. {I}t is found that the diabatic and mechanic fluxes of {PV} through the sea surface are of similar amplitude locally, but their spatial structures are very different. {T}he diabatic {PV} flux has a large scale pattern that reflects that of air-sea heat fluxes directed from the ocean to the atmosphere along and to the south of the separated {G}ulf {S}tream. {I}n contrast the mechanical {PV} flux, because of its dependence on horizontal surface density gradients, exhibits much smaller scales but embedded within a coherent large scale pattern. {W}hen mapped over the {N}orth {A}tlantic subtropical mode water ({EDW}) outcropping region, the diabatic {PV} flux pattern is found to be directed out of the ocean everywhere, whereas the mechanical {PV} fluxes exhibits small-scale patterns of both sign. {T}he amplitude of the diabatic {PV} fluxes is found to be at least one order of magnitude larger than the mechanical {PV} fluxes demonstrating the overwhelming importance of diabatic processes in creating mode waters. {F}inally, we note that the large scale climatological patterns and magnitudes of both diabatic and mechanical {PV} flux mapped over the {EDW} outcropping region, are very similar to patterns obtained from coarse-grained ocean state estimates that do not resolve the eddy field.},
  keywords = {{S}ubtropical mode water ; {P}otential vorticity flux ; {M}esoscale turbulence ; {ATLANTIQUE} {NORD}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{D}eep-{S}ea {R}esearch {P}art {II}.{T}opical {S}tudies in {O}ceanography},
  volume = {91},
  numero = {{N}o {S}p{\'e}cial},
  pages = {128--138},
  ISSN = {0967-0645},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.026},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010060419},
}