@article{fdi:010060349,
  title = {{I}nsecticide resistance status of {A}nopheles gambiae s.s population from {M}'{B}e : a {WHOPES}-labelled experimental hut station, 10 years after the political crisis in {C}ote d'{I}voire},
  author = {{K}offi, {A}. {A}. and {A}lou, {L}. {P}. {A}. and {A}dja, {M}. {A}. and {C}handre, {F}abrice and {P}ennetier, {C}{\'e}dric},
  editor = {},
  language = {{ENG}},
  abstract = {{B}ackground: {A}n experimental hut station built at {M}'{B}e in 1998 was used for many years for the evaluation of insecticidal product for public health until the civil war broke out in 2002. {B}reeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices and the {W}est {A}frican {R}ice {D}evelopment {A}ssociation ({WARDA}, actually {A}frica{R}ice) in a large rice growing area. {T}en years after the crisis, bioassays, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to update the resistance status and study the evolution of resistance mechanisms of {A}nopheles gambiae s.s population. {M}ethods: {A}nopheles gambiae s.s larvae from {M}'{B}e were collected in breeding sites and reared until emergence. {R}esistance status of this population to conventional insecticides was assessed using {WHO} bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with 10 insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, pseudo-pyrethroid, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates with and without the inhibitor piperonyl butoxyde ({PBO}). {M}olecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify the {L}1014{F} kdr, {L}1014{S} kdr and ace-1({R}) alleles in individual mosquitoes and to detect potential increase in mixed function oxidases ({MFO}) level, non-specific esterases ({NSE}) and glutathione {S}-transferases ({GST}) activities. {R}esults and discussion: {A}nopheles gambiae s.s from {M}'{B}e exerted high resistance levels to organochlorides, pyrethroids, and carbamates. {M}ortalities ranged from 3% to 21% for organochlorides, from 50% to 75% for pyrethroids, 34% for etofenprox, the pseudo-pyrethroid, and from 7% to 80% for carbamates. {T}olerance to organophosphates was observed with mortalities ranging from 95% to 98%. {B}ioassays run with a pre-exposition of mosquitoes to {PBO} induced very high levels of mortalities compared to the bioassays without {PBO}, suggesting that the resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate relied largely on detoxifying enzymes' activities. {T}he {L}1014{F} kdr allelic frequency was 0.33 in 2012 compared to 0.05 before the crisis in 2002. {N}either the {L}1014{S} kdr nor ace-1({R}) mutations were detected. {A}n increased activity of {NSE} and level of {MFO} was found relative to the reference strain {K}isumu. {T}his was the first evidence of metabolic resistance based resistance in {A}n. gambiae s.s from {M}'{B}e. {C}onclusion: {T}he {A}n. gambiae s.s population showed very high resistance to organochlorides, pyrethroids and carbamates. {T}his resistance level relied largely on two major types of resistance: metabolic and target-site mutation. {T}his multifactorial resistance offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of both mechanisms and their interaction with the vector control tools currently used or in development.},
  keywords = {{I}nsecticide-resistance ; {A}nopheles gambiae ; {M}'{B}e ; {C}ote d'{I}voire ; {COTE} {D}'{IVOIRE}},
  booktitle = {},
  journal = {{M}alaria {J}ournal},
  volume = {12},
  numero = {},
  pages = {151 [8 ]},
  ISSN = {1475-2875},
  year = {2013},
  DOI = {10.1186/1475-2875-12-151},
  URL = {https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010060349},
}